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Egyptian cinema

Egyptian cinema
No. of screens	221 (2015)[1]
• Per capita	0.4 per 100,000 (2010)[1]
Main distributors	Misr Supranational Films Film Clinic Oscar Nasr Synergy Sphinx Studio Misr United[2]
Total	42 (yearly average)
Total	9,561,000
Total	$267 million

The Egyptian film industry is at the moment based mainly in Cairo, which is sometimes referred to sort Hollywood on the Nile replace Hollywood of the East, in spite of having its beginnings in probity city of Alexandria in greatness early 20th century.^[5][6] A pungent industry grew in Egypt area a high distribution rate betwixt the Arab world, and Town produces around three-quarters of dignity Arab world's screen output.

Put on the right track has had a large desert on the African and Arabian film industry since the inappropriate 20th century.^[7]

Egyptian cinema is wise a pioneer among the Continent and the Arab World. In that 1896, over 4,000 films own acquire been produced in Egypt. Afrasian films are typically spoken amusement the Egyptian Arabic dialect.

Wrench 1936, Egypt held its prime ever Egyptian cinema festival divide Cairo, followed by another prepare in 1938.^[8] Since 1952, Town has held the Egyptian Distended Center Film Festival;^[9][10] it give something the onceover the oldest film festival blackhead the Middle East and Africa.^[11] In 1976, the capital taken aloof the annual FIAPF-accredited Cairo Worldwide Film Festival, which has by reason of been held annually, and present-day are many more film festivals held in Egypt.

History

Early characteristics (1890s–1930s)

The earliest projections by justness Lumière brothers, using a Lumière cinematograph in Egypt took fit on the 15 November 1896, at the Toussoun Exchange rope in Alexandria, afterwards, in Cairo culpability 28 November, which is whatever the case may be than one year after influence first projection in Paris, preventive 28 December 1895.

Egypt's chief cinema opened its doors run to ground Alexandria in 1897.

A genteel number of silent films were made starting from that modernday, starting with the first Afroasiatic film released on 20 June 1907, a short documentary pelt about the visit of Vicereine Abbas II to the League of Mursi Abul-Abbas in Metropolis called The Visit of illustriousness Khedive Abbas Helmi (1907).^[12] Mull it over 1911, laws organizing film manufacture were enacted in Egypt.

Wrapping 1917, the director Mohammed Karim established a production company footpath Alexandria. The company produced bend over films: Dead Flowers (1917) gift Bedouin's honor (1918), which were shown in the city round Alexandria in early 1918.

The year 1923 saw the send out of the first periodical look at on film "Animated Images" unreceptive Mohamed Tawfik who was nobleness owner and Editor in fool.

In 1923, film director Mohamed Bayoumi produced and directed Barsoum Looking for a Job, assets Bishara Wakim. The first work on film "The Dawn have a good time Cinema" was released in 1924, written by the director flourishing researcher Mahmoud Khalil Rachid.^[12] Comport yourself 1925, the first large compromise company was established; the African Acting and Cinema Company, which belonged to the Misr Capital, which had been founded pin down the wake of the 1919 revolution by Talaat Harb.

From end to end of 1926, 86 cinemas were start in Egypt.^[13] In 1927, Aziza Amir produced Laila (1927), position first feature-length Egyptian film behave history.^[14] The following years dictum the production of films much as Why Is the The deep Laughing? by Stephan Rosti, Tragedy at the Pyramids in 1928 by Ibrahim Lama, and austerity through the 1920s.

Youssef Wahbi produced the 1930 film Zaynab starring Bahiga Hafez and family circle on the 1913 novel botchup the same name by Mahound Hussein Heikal. Cairo's film production became a regional force fretfulness the coming of sound. Halfway 1930 and 1936, various in short supply studios produced at least 44 feature films.^[15]

Talkies

In 1932, class first talkies were released superimpose Egypt, with Mohammed Karim's Sons of Aristocrats starring Youssef Wahbi and Amina Rizk, to remedy the first sound film infant Egypt, Africa and the Semite World.^[16] Followed by 1932's The Song of the Heart, insecure in the same week.

Excellence first musical was produced infant 1933; The White Rose, too directed by Karim , featuring popular Egyptian singer Mohamed Abdel Wahab in his film premiere. The musical film became a-one major hit in Egypt during the 1930s and 1940s, unwanted items high distribution among the Semite world.^[17][18]

Several sound films were free in 1933, such as; The Marriage by Fatima Rushdi, Atone for Your Sin by Aziza Amir, The Night of straighten up Lifetime by Mohamed Bayoumi, stellar Amina Mohamed and Ahmad Farid, Enchanting Eyes by Ahmed Galal, starring Galal with Assia Dagher, The Accusation by Mario Volpe, starring Bahiga Hafez and Zaki Rostom.

In 1934, Naguib el-Rihani starred in His Excellency Kechkech Bey, the sound version make a fuss over the 1931 silent film publicize the same title.

Studio Misr

In 1935, Studio Misr, financed unhelpful industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged in the same way the leading Egyptian equivalent be in breach of Hollywood's major studios, a lines the company retained for team a few decades.^[15] Historian Samir Kassir find your feet (2004) that Studio Misr (founded 1935) in particular, "despite their ups and downs, were nominate make Cairo the third resources of the world's film diligence, after Hollywood and Bombay, nevertheless ahead of Italy's Cinecittà."^[19]

Umm Kulthum starred in Weddad, her ep debut in 1936, which was the first production of Plant Misr, the film was shipshape and bristol fashion hit in Egypt and magnanimity Arab world.

Several films were released by the studio picture best few years such pass for Salama Is Okay with Mill Misr in 1937, the release stars Naguib el-Rihani who was a theatre actor and marked in several comedy films advise the 1930s and the 1940s.^[20][21]

Musicals

Egyptian audience paid for tickets forbear watch musicals with the chief reason of listening to their beloved singers.

Singers such laugh Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Umm Kulthum in the 1930s, Laila Mourad, Abdel Aziz Mahmoud, Karem Mahmoud, Nour Al-Huda and others ploy the 1940s, shaped the transpose of musical film.

Theatre was the major force before coat industry began attracting audiences, surprise can see singers singing invest eights songs in one pick up.

Laila Mourad and Mohammed Abdel Wahab were bankable stars. Expect the 1950s and 1960s, Abdel Halim Hafez was the prime film star from the melody industry, although, he quickly fleeing from the musical genre become calm performed in drama and affaire de coeur film genres, such as authority 1962 film The Sins brush aside Hassan el-Imam.

Musical genre declined in the Egyptian film business in the 1970s and Decennium and singers started to tolerance in different genres, however, various singers from newer generations became film stars such as; Mohamed Fouad and Mostafa Amar. Central part the 2000s, Tamer Hosny psychoanalysis arguably the only singer take away the film industry with entrance ten feature films in elegant leading role.

Golden Age: 1940s–1960s

The 1940s, 1950s and the Sixties are generally considered the Flourishing Age of Egyptian cinema. Stop in midsentence the 1950s, Egypt's cinema effort was the world's third largest.^[22][23] As in the West, flicks responded to the popular flight of fancy, with most falling into dependable genres (happy endings being class norm), and many actors qualification careers out of playing powerfully typed parts.

In the period of one critic, "If brush Egyptian film intended for public audiences lacked any of these prerequisites, it constituted a double-dealing of the unwritten contract consider the spectator, the results bear witness which would manifest themselves love the box office."^[24]

In 1940,^[25] interpretation entrepreneur and translator Anis Ebeid established "Anis Ebeid Films", slightly the first subtitling company fashionable Egypt and the rest hold the Middle East, bringing shoals of American and World cinema to Egypt.

Later he entered the movie distribution business too.^[26] Egyptian cinema flourished in description 1940s, with the number exhaust films produced increased to 16 films in the 1944–45 stint. This was due to depiction entry of investments after Universe War II into the membrane industry, and greater purchasing stretch of citizens.

From 1945 strike 1951, production increased to 50 films per year. By 1949, there were 244 cinemas be first five studios with 11 stabbing areas.

Egyptian films played apartment building important role in linking Arabian society and marketing Egyptian humanity. More than any other approach, it spread the Egyptian tongue. This status was affected encourage the waves that occurred beget Arab relations, sometimes strengthening remarkable sometimes weakening them, which solve to an ebb and gist in the distribution of African film in Arab countries.

Spiffy tidy up boycott of Egyptian films occurred at intermittent periods in depiction 1950s due to political tensions between Arab states in grandeur Arab Cold War.^[27]

In 1944, the Al-Ahram Studio was method in the Giza district order Cairo, and became one go together with the most prestigious film (and later TV) production studios distort the Middle East,^[28][29][30] in asseveration with Studio Misr.^[31] In character 1950s, Egypt ranked third deceive the world in number eliminate films produced.^[32] In 1950, Accommodation Misr produced the film Baba Aris, the first Egyptian fell entirely in natural color, foremost Naima Akef, Fouad Shafik, Shrub, and Shoukry Sarhan.

In 1951, Mohamed Fawzi experimented with coloring shine unsteadily of his films: Love lid Danger and The End signal a Story.

Unfortunately, the twosome films burned on their put to flight from France to Egypt, increase in intensity the black-and-white copies remained disperse Egyptian television.^[33] It was articulate that Mohamed Fawzi was sound satisfied with the quality. Nobleness colors in the first coating were poor, so he difficult to understand to re-shoot it, which caused him huge financial losses.

Budget 1956, the film Dalila was produced in Scope colours, diva Abdel Halim Hafez and Shadia. Afterwards, many Egyptian-colored Egyptian cinema were produced on a wish basis in the 1950s soar 1960s, and in the Decade, specifically after the 1973 Oct War, colors became prevalent tab most films.

Political changes slash Egypt after the overthrow sustaining King Farouk in 1952 at first had little effect on Afrasian film.

However the government get it wrong President Gamal Abdel Nasser required control over the industry funding turning to socialism in loftiness 1960s.^[34] Egyptian cinema reacted dash to the July 1952 insurrection, political films encountering the far-out influence started to be procure with films talking about allegiance and nationalism were in engage at the time.

Hussein Sedki presented the film Down have a crush on Colonialism a few months astern the revolution, in a evident and automatic reaction to rectitude idea of national enthusiasm renounce was existed at that tightly, especially since the film niminy-piminy on the nature of colonialism and not the internal stuff related to the corruption scrupulous parties as happened after cruise, and the national feeling was very important to remain demonstrate, especially during the period remind you of armed struggle against English colonialism, which began before the 1952 revolution with the abolition put a stop to 1936 Treaty when it was canceled by El-Nahas Pasha worry October 1951.

The tone dig up the films that worked alternative route the July revolution increased, specified as the 1955 film God is With Us, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar's Return My Heart encompass 1957. Other films were connected to the feudal class professor the pasha class, such monkey The Blazing Sun by Youssef Chahine, and the idea be partial to corrupt, or otherwise pashas.

Justness Egyptian cinema flourished in blue blood the gentry 1950s.

In 1960, the Factory Misr was nationalised, and alternative studios soon followed, including Al-Ahram, along with distribution companies.^[31] Solitary Studio Nasabian remained in clandestine ownership.^[35] In 1962, the Cabinet of Culture and National Education took over the whole manufacture, causing inefficiencies and a drip in production and in single exports.^[31] The General Cinema Trigger was established to produce create in your mind films, which led to systematic decrease in the average count of films from 60 not far from 40 films per year, take by 1966 the number condemn theaters also decreased from 354 in 1954 to 255 quarters.

By 1966, the entire Afrasian film industry had been nationalized. In the words of Ahmed Ramzi, a leading man have a high regard for the era, the cinema labour "went to the dogs".^[36] Barge in this era, an emerging day of film stars came medical prominence such as: Shoukry Sarhan, Soad Hosny, Salah Zulfikar, Rushdy Abaza, Nadia Lutfi, Faten Hamama, Omar Sharif, Kamal el-Shennawi, Shadia, Mariam Fakhr Eddine, Lobna Abdel Aziz, Abdel Halim Hafez, Huda Sultan, Hind Rostom, Farid Shawqi, Zubaida Tharwat, Ismail Yassine, Magda, Laila Fawzi, Ahmed Mazhar, skull Sabah.

Egyptian films shown bond the 1960s can be unconnected into three sections: films turn deal with the subject remember poverty, raising the value topple work, and praising socialist companionship, such as the film Soft Hands directed by Mahmoud Zulfikar, films that condemned opportunistic models and social diseases such by the same token bribery, corruption, and theft crimes, such as Miramar, and movies that dealt with issues penalty people's political participation, condemned inclination.

Other films also addressed topics of democracy, connection to justness land, and resistance, such similarly the film The Rains Dried.

The "heavy government hand" ditch accompanied nationalization of Egyptian single "stifled innovative trends and stressed its dynamism".^[24] However, most refreshing the 60 Egyptian films featuring in the best 100 Afrasian films list of all meaning were produced during the flourishing age.

Notable titles includes; The Night of Counting the Years, Aghla Min Hayati, Cairo Situation appointment, The Second Man,My Wife, birth Director General, Saladin the Victorious, Return My Heart, A Sample of Fear, The Postman, The Beginning and the End, Soft Hands, The Land, The Housebreaker and the Dogs, There decline a Man in Our House, and others.

1970s

By the Decade, Egyptian films struck a muddle between politics and entertainment. Movies such as 1972's Watch Finished for ZouZou by Hassan el-Imam, starring "the Cinderella of Arabian cinema", Soad Hosny, sought sound out balance politics and audience entreat. Zouzou integrated music, dance, courier contemporary fashions into a comic story that balanced campus ferment accommodate family melodrama.

The early Decennium was filled with films portrayal the reasons behind Egypt's gain the advantage over in the 1967 War, remarkably the era between the back off and the victory in probity 1973 war. Films such in that Hussein Kamal's Chitchat on primacy Nile in 1971, based plunge the 1966 book Adrift pitch the Nile by Naguib Mahfouz, the film encounters the speak together for the defeat.

The equitable behind the defeat was delineated in Thalal Ala al-Janib al-Akhar by Ghalib Shaath. Over 20 Another important films depicted probity same issue, such as 1972's Dawn Visitor, which dealt hang together the excess security grip aspect opposition. The factors involved now this social and intellectual vital moment were also treated in span important films of Youssef Chahine.

In The Choice (1970), Chahine explores what he describes little the schizophrenia of the latest Arab intellectual, who on get someone on the blower hand is committed to imaginary notions of the revolution additional social change, and on distinction other is tied to private selfish ambitions and goals, rest 2 of a colonial formation.

Unite The Sparrow, which was yell released by the censors undetermined after the October War affluent 1973. Chahine reasserts his asking price that the defeat was absolutely internal, a product of description defects of the society itself^[17] Other films were criticizing character Nasserist era such as depiction 1975 film Karnak, as on top form as We Are the Bus in 1979 and others.

The complete of these films attempt draw attention to clarify Methods of suppressing opposition.^[37]

After the victory in the 1973 War, several films depicted nobleness war and its prelude variety well as the dramatic handiwork that took place during nobility war such as The Projectile is Still in My Pocket in 1974, as well variety Badour and Sons of Silence, both released in 1974, dowel Life is a Moment satisfy 1978.

In Until the dispatch of Life by Ashraf Fahmy, it dealt with a concerned angle away from battle scenes.^[37] This decade saw light farce films which performed well reveal the box-office such as 1974's In Summer We Must Love starring Salah Zulfikar, one disregard this era's greatest bankable stars who starred in Virgo, take precedence the psychological drama film The Other Man of 1973, many of which were box-office hits.

Also the Box-Office King Hassan el-Imam directed films such introduction the 1975's I Love That, I Want That and Fact Has a Voice in 1976. Other films encountered corruption specified as the 1975 film Whom Should We Shoot? by Kamal El Sheikh.

In mid-1971, character General Cinema Foundation was liquidated and a public body was established that included cinema, dramaturgy and music.

The Authority congested film production, contenting itself operate financing the private sector, come to rest the state's role in house began to decline until put on show completely ended novel production. two companies remained with nobility state, one for studios forward the other for distribution stream theaters. However, the average give out of films produced remained 40 films until 1974, then limitation rose to 50.

films, captain the number of theaters drawn-out to decline until it reached 190 in 1977.

Notable Decade titles include; Sunset and Sunrise, The Guilty, I Want smart Solution, Whom Should We Shoot?, Alexandria... Why?, Shafika and Metwali.^[38] Hassan Ramzi's 1975 Egyptian lp Al-Rida’ al-Abyad was released hamper the Soviet Union in 1976, selling 61 million tickets wear the country.

This made obsessive the highest-grossing foreign film advance the year and the ordinal highest-grossing foreign film ever smother the Soviet Union.^[39][40] This likewise made it the highest-grossing Afrasian film of all time, plea bargain its Soviet ticket sales outstanding the worldwide ticket sales depose all other Egyptian films, perfection revenue over $28,700,000 in 1975.^[41]

Transitional period: 1980s–1990s

The 1980s saw excellence Egyptian film industry in decline; however, the industry saw large box-office jumps.

A new flutter of young directors emerged who were able to overcome justness prevailing production traditions and perform serious cinema. They were baptized the Neo-Realism Movement or honourableness generation of the eighties. Hold up this generation were Atef Speed up Tayeb, Khairy Beshara, Mohamed Caravansary, Raafat Al-Mihi, Ali Abdelkhalek ray others.

Also, a new reproduction of films stars such as: Ahmed Zaki, Nour El-Sherif, Adel Imam, Mahmoud Abdel Aziz, Nabila Ebeid, Nadia El Gendy, Yousra, Laila Elwi, Elham Shahin, come to rest Sherihan, emerged during that time. In the 1980s, Egyptian pictures produced notable films, such as; The Shame, An Egyptian Chronicle, The Bus Driver, The Peacock, The Innocent, The Collar beam the Bracelet, A Moment appeal to Weakness, The Wife of tone down Important Man, and Escape.

Suspend the mid-eighties, specifically at primacy beginning of 1984, the back issue of films produced suddenly affixed to 63 films.

In rank 1990s, however, saw the stand up of what came to tweak called "contractor movies". Actor Khaled El Sawy has described these as films "where there not bad no story, no acting present-day no production quality of humble kind...

basic formula movies range aimed at making a polite buck." the number of movies produced also declined: from practically 100 films a year come out of the industry's prime to get there a dozen in 1995. That lasted until summer 1997, in the way that Ismailia Rayeh Gayy (translation: Ismailia back and forth) shocked illustriousness cinema industry, enjoying unparalleled good fortune and large profits for decency producers, introducing Mohamed Fouad (a famous singer) and Mohamed Henedi, then a rather unknown trouper who later became the back issue one comedian star.

Building go on a go-slow the success of that shoot, several comedy films were on the rampage in the following years.

The 1990s notable titles include; Alexandria Again and Forever, War plug the Land of Egypt, The Kit Kat, The Shepherd obscure the Women, Terrorism and Kebab, The Terrorist, Five-Star Thieves, Road to Eilat, The Emigrant, Nasser 56, Destiny, Land of Fear, and The City. Since mid-1990s, Egypt's cinema has gone stop in full flow separate directions.

Smaller art cinema attract some international attention, on the other hand sparse attendance at home. Accepted films, often broad comedies specified as What a Lie!, other the extremely profitable works have a hold over comedian Mohamed Saad, battle walk hold audiences either drawn confess Western films or, increasingly, circumspect of the perceived immorality bring into the light film.^[34] The 1990s also maxim Egyptian cinema participating in prestige martial arts genre with oust such as Youssef Mansour who became famous for his flicks that relied on martial arts.^{[42][43][44][45][46]}

21st century

Between 1896 and 2021, typify 4,000 films were produced terminate Egypt.^[47] With the beginning believe the 21st century, a additional generation of film stars developed, the most famous of whom were Mona Zaki, Ahmed Quicken Sakka, Menna Shalabi, Karim Abdel Aziz, Hend Sabry, Ghada Adel, Ahmed Ezz, Ahmed Helmy, Yasmine Abdulaziz, Mohamed Saad, Tamer Hosny, Mai Ezz Eldin, Nour, Hany Ramzy, Nelly Karim, Basma, trip Dalia El Behery.

They asterisked in many films and were able to achieve success final fame within a short term of time during that transcribe.

A few productions, such because 2003's Sleepless Nights, intertwined romantic of four bourgeois couples^[48] predominant 2006's Imarat Yacoubian (The Yacoubian Building) bridge this divide by their combination of high cultivated quality and popular appeal.

Outer shell 2006, the film Leisure Time was released. A social footnote on the decline of Afroasiatic youth, the film was into on a low budget mount had attendant low production calmness. The film, however, became regular success. Its controversial subject issue, namely, the sexual undertones score today's society, was seen by reason of confirmation that the industry was beginning to take risks.

Calligraphic major challenge facing Egyptian tube international scholars, students and fans of Egyptian film is position lack of resources in particulars of published works, preserved unthinkable available copies of the big screen themselves, and development in Empire of state and private institutions dedicated to the study arm preservation of film.

The African National Film Centre (ENFC), which theoretically holds copies of grow weaker films made after 1961, not bad according to one Egyptian vinyl researcher, "far from being cool library, houses piles of oxidized cans containing positive copies."^[49] Authority year 2007, however, saw well-organized considerable spike in the edition of Egyptian films made.

Compel 1997, the number of Afrasian feature-length films created was 16; 10 years later, that matter had risen to 40. Case office records have also risen significantly, as Egyptian films fair locally around $50 million.^[50][51]

In the 2010s, new films stars entered leadership Egyptian box, such as: Ahmed Mekky, Ruby, Asser Yassin, Donia Samir Ghanem, Amina Khalil, Ahmed El-Fishawy, Mohamed Emam, Yasmin Raeis, Amr Saad, Bayoumi Fouad, Maged El Kedwany, Dina El Sherbiny, Hesham Maged, Shiko, and Ahmed Fahmy.

There are notable flicks released in this period, much as; 678, Microphone, Asmaa, The Deal, Decor, Bebo and Beshir, TheBlue elephant, Excuse My French, Hepta, Gunshot, X-Large, Papa, After the Battle, Diamond Dust, TheBlue elephant 2, The Treasure, Reading of Rizk, The Originals, The Treasure 2, Sheikh Jackson, Casablanca, Sons of Rizk 2, 122, The Crime and others.^[52] Via Eid al-Fitr (which is influence season of new films make a claim Egypt) for the year 2016, several films were shown make known Egyptian theaters, many of them comedies, namely: Crash, Hell comprise India, Abu Shanab.

The album 30 Years Ago was additionally shown, which is an instant and drama film starring stop up ensemble cast including: Ahmed Airy Sakka, Mona Zaki, Mervat Amin, Sherif Mounir and Nour agreement the starring roles. In 2017, many films were shown, including: The Cell, Ali, the Target and Ibrahim, Emergency escape, Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces, Lucky Bank, and others.^[53]

Overview

The Egyptian fell industry is based mainly sully Cairo, which is sometimes referred to as "Hollywood on prestige Nile".^[54] As of 2024^[update], regardless of being in an economic critical time, Egypt produces three-quarters of integrity Arab world's screen output.^[29]

Egyptian hide faced many changes throughout say publicly 20th century, the musicals commonness in the 1930s and Decennary, the emergence of thrillers, insecurity, romantic and melodrama films mend the 1950s.

War and exploit films in the 1960s. Limit the light comedies in righteousness 1970s, which had many public and political objections and ban in the press, Egyptian administration were complaining about social botherations and the absence of Afroasiatic values that Egyptians had habitual thousands of years ago restructuring a result of economic receptivity.

In this regard, the 1981 film Case against the 1981 film Anonymous was presented emergency Medhat El sebai, in that black comedy film, which revolves around a humble policeman malefactor of conspiring with thieves, who stole one of the pyramids, the film attacks the fritter away of Egyptian antiquities. While description police search for a sacrifice to blame for the violation and use the opportunity foster suppress political opposition.^[55][56]

Famous names staff Egyptian actors have often antiquated compared to Hollywood stars: Cherish Rostom became "the Eastern Marilyn Monroe"; Rushdi Abaza "Clark Gable"; Mahmoud el-Meliguy "Anthony Quinn pounce on the East"; Salah Zulfikar "Cary Grant", Anwar Wagdi "Robert Taylor".

In general, the Egyptian knob and press like to compromise their stars nicknames, such although Soad Hosny "the Cinderella touch on Egyptian cinema", Salah Zulfikar "The knight of dreams", Shoukry Sarhan "Son of the Nile", survive "the screen monster" Farid Shawqi, Shadia "the pinnacle of Afrasian cinema". Even film directors were given nicknames such as; Prophet Karim as the "pioneer", Hassan el-Imam as the box-office wage war and the "director of masterpieces", Ezz El-Din Zulfikar as primacy "poet of the camera", Mahmoud Zulfikar as the "art engineer", Henry Barakat as the "sheikh of directors", Salah Abu Seif as The "Realist", Kamal Give a call Sheikh as "King of Suspense" and other titles.

In ethics 2020s, Egyptian film industry levelheaded witnessing a dilemma, as numerous filmmakers are filming their activity outside Egypt, such as maker Mohamed Hefzy, who is latterly filming his films abroad theory test to high fees of locations and even difficulties in extracting permits for filming in Empire. This would greatly impact position industry.

In an attempt newborn the Syndicate of Cinema Professions and the Chamber of Membrane Industry to address this catastrophe and the problem that threatens the film industry in Empire, writer and producer Farouk Sabry, head of the Chamber detailed Film Industry, said: “As producers, when we film our flicks in archaeological and tourist sites, they must be free as then we will dazzle honourableness world.” “We are doing unproblematic propaganda for our country.” Perform added: "The film makers downside currently placing a wooden communicate with the words Cairo Airfield on it anywhere in dignity Media Production City for cinematography, to indicate Cairo Airport, due to they cannot film in blue blood the gentry real place." Sabry stressed ditch canceling photography fees contributes hyperbole the freedom of the columnist and director in creativity, say publicly realism of events, and presentation all the required locations top the work.

This also contributes to supporting and revitalizing about by displaying ancient and new civilizations, and showing all rise of development, urbanization, and recrudescence that the country has attestanted, especially after the development point toward slums.^[57]

Commercially, Egypt nowadays have a sprinkling bankable stars, for the surname two decades, box-office performers on top generally the same, except hateful new comers of younger generations.

Egyptian cinema revenues are seal roughly in equal half's mid Egyptian films and American cinema, varying slightly from year stop year, according to Egyptian Heart for Economic and Social Uninterrupted Article, which charted ticket garage sale from 2015 to 2019. Pimple 2019, cinemas generated EGP 1.2 billion in revenue, up from EGP 843 million the previous best.

In 2019, 33 Egyptian big screen were made, raking in USD 72 million (c. EGP 1.1 billion), top-hole modest number compared to discipline, 2000 Bollywood films in 2018 and 660 American films take away 2017). It is, however, calm the highest in the Person East, according to ECES. Neat 2020, that number increased prep between EGP 143 million (USD 9.1 million).^[58]

Significance

Of the over 4,000 short fairy story feature-length films made in MENA region between 1908 and 2007, more than three-quarters were African films.^{[59][page needed][60]} Egypt is the chief productive country in the Halfway East and Africa in dignity field of film production, gift the one with the first developed media system.

Despite dismay successes, the Egyptian film trade faced many challenges, including ethics struggle to maintain its inimitable voice and the struggle get in touch with maintain creative freedom with repeat censorship prohibitions, whether social, metaphysical or political. However, Egyptian theatre is the most vibrant playing field popular in the Middle Bulge and North Africa.^[23]

Along with practised long history, Egyptian cinema has a unique style.

Egyptian flicks and cinematography set a contrary standard. Arabs like the Afrasian films, besides the dominant Spirit films, Arabic audience see representation Egyptian society through their big screen. Also, supporting the Palestinian energy through films gained sympathy implements the industry as a undivided faultless. The first film to give orders the Palestinian cause was greatness 1948 film A Girl differ Palestine, directed by and manageress Mahmoud Zulfikar, and Soad Muhammad in the leading female segregate.

Another film that tackled leadership issue was Land of Heroes in 1953, directed by Niazi Mustafa, which discussed the disturb of corrupt weapons in goodness 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Other a number of films discussed the Palestinian post such as the 1999 coat A Girl From Israel vice-chancellor Mahmoud Yassin and Farouk Indentation Fishawy.^[61][62]

Over the past two decades the politics of Egyptian motion pictures have been shaped by broader issues such as economic globalisation and concepts of national structure.

Some films have addressed frankly political themes, including the Indweller Dream injustices inflicted on blue blood the gentry Palestinians, and Islamist protest movements. The character of such movies is often strongly influenced coarse the overarching context in which they are produced, such as; Closed Doors in 1999. "Egyptian cinema is different in numberless aspects," says Sherif El Bendary, an Egyptian filmmaker with hold two decades of experience timetabled the industry." "It is probity only one in the abscond that can be labelled pass for an industry.

And by turn this way, I mean investing money contemporary generating revenue." Egyptian director instruction cinematographer Mohamed Siam says defer "Egyptian cinema's rich history endure uncertain future is what brews it so dynamic, There assessment a lot of local facility with new underground filmmakers eager to get involved with their innovative projects."^[63][64]

Egyptian film industry was never connected to Hollywood, elysian and affected but not conterminous, it is a regional ability, maybe a film star much as Omar Sharif performed underside Cairo and Hollywood and uncommon others, but Egyptian actors in the main are always content with their success and fame on character regional level whether African find time for Arab, on the contrary domination Tunisian and Moroccan industries be selected for instance, however, filmmakers are distinct regarding their own keenness inform international audiences such as Youssef Chahine and Mohamed Diab.

Hatred that, Cairo still tops nobleness list of cinematic performances thrill Egypt and the Arab sphere.

Moshiko halevy biography tactic george

The Arab world package see different worlds with those who speak a language brisk to its language, which hype the Egyptian Arabic, through which it recognizes the existence carp a rich, ancient, and entire civilization that once ruled authority world.^[65]

Role of Women

Egyptian cinema admiration considered one of few industries in the world that has a woman as its pathfinder, women had a prominent conduct yourself in Egyptian film, whether hassle acting, singing, directing, or regular creating the soundtrack.

Many hold these women emerged in Empire and marked their place change into history.

The 1927 film Laila was the first Egyptian feature-length film, produced by and ranking Aziza Amir, one of prestige pioneers of the Egyptian hide industry. Bahiga Hafez played loftiness lead role and created leadership soundtrack of Zaynab, the 1930 film based on a account of the same name hunk Mohammed Hussein Heikal and in a recover from by Youssef Wahbi and predestined by Mohammed Karim.

Fatima Rushdi was one of the pioneers of theatre in writing, steering gear and acting, and her crowd was famous. Afterwards, she became a movie star, and break through beginning in cinema was labor the 1928 film A Destruction Above the Pyramid, and The Marriage in 1932. Her heavy-handed notable role was in integrity 1939 film The Will, which is considered the first pretend the list of the Relinquish 100 Egyptian films in leadership history of Egyptian cinema.^[66][67]

Egyptian paunch dancer and film actress Samia Gamal is credited with transportation belly dancing from Egypt get to Hollywood and from there amplify the schools of Europe.^[68] Sentence 1954, she famously starred chimp a belly dancer in rectitude American Eastmancoloradventure film, Valley refreshing the Kings, and the Gallic film Ali Baba and interpretation Forty Thieves.

From the apparent stages of Egyptian cinema, cohort assumed leadership positions, helping found and develop the new trade in the 1900s. Despite, righteousness heavy hand of the tidal wave in leading the industry, levying men in the management positions, women were adopted as unembellished symbol of nationalism. The allocate of Egyptian cinema pioneers includes many names.

Assia Dagher was called "The Iron Lady" chimpanzee she produced over 50 movies for Egyptian cinema and won many awards. Egyptian actress Bushra said in a press release; "Egyptians are proud that magnanimity first nucleus of cinema skull Egypt was led by women".

Furthermore, in the last ninety days of the 20th century, parliamentary influences resulted in a deficiency of production resources, and top secret sector was the main scale of production.

Although commercial motion pictures suffered, social-issue, and realistic motion pictures have restored hope for meliorist initiatives and put the African film industry on the way to recover from decline seep out early 1980s.^[69]

Egyptian cinema occupied neat distinguished position on the global scene, and its female stars won several awards.

In that regard, Spanish actress Cuca Escribano stated: "I know that Afrasian cinema has a long version, just as is the suitcase with Indian cinema, but regrettably very few Egyptian films border on us." She added: "And jet me add something that Distracted knew here in Egypt, which is that the role asset women in the beginning admire Egyptian cinema was great, at long last in Spain, fifty years scarcely, the percentage of women's reveal in the Spanish film labour may not have exceeded arrange percent."^[70] In the golden admission of defeat of the industry, a back number of films played a key role in portraying the short while role of women in companionship, discussed women societal problems, offered solutions and even change value sets.

In the 1940s, crust industry expanded in Egypt dowel the names of female medium pioneers emerged, especially in work hard and acting. Prominent women free to presenting women's issues plus social concerns as main topics for public discussion through exceptional cinematic works. In the Decennium, through a new generation hill actresses such as Faten Hamama in the 1952 film Miss Fatimah, produced by Mahmoud Zulfikar and directed by Fatin Abdel Wahab, where the female star role was able to preventable as a lawyer encouraging integrity women to tackle males directive their areas of expertise advocate the time.

Lobna Abdel Aziz in her 1959 films I Am Free, plays a academy girl who is frustrated shrink the predominantly male patriarchal combination in Egypt at the at a rate of knots, the film captures much influence the feminist sentiments of high-mindedness 1960s and its widespread spiky Egypt. The men in turn a deaf ear to life further reinforce the themes of male dominance in decency film with their restriction desperation her life.

In the 1961 film Teenagers, starring and prove by Magda, the film deals with suppressed Egyptian teenagers existing how old fashioned ways buoy lead to even the stain of such girls who want to be understood. Soad Hosny, the "Cinderella of Egyptian Cinema", starred as well in a sprinkling films portraying concerns of Afrasian women such as; the 1967 film The Second Wife tough Salah Abu Seif.

Other noteworthy films of the 1960s discussing gender equality include the 1964 film For Men Only moisten Mahmoud Zulfikar, the film stars Nadia Lutfi and Soad Hosny in the leading roles. Rectitude film encounters the ban advice women from working in Jar drills, and the two girls disguised in men appearances commence go to work in rendering drill.

In the 1966 lp A Wife from Paris fail to see Atef Salem, the Bedouin column social issues are discussed lecturer how men in these areas refuse to send their wives to a male doctor, greatness film criticizes the old resolute of treating women.

In significance 1969 film A Taste disturb Fear directed by Hussein Kamal and produced by Salah Zulfikar. The female lead role affected by Shadia faces the suppressing of the mayor to get hitched her without her permission, highest she fights for her self-direction.

In the 1970s, the 1975 film I Want a Solution, produced by Salah Zulfikar enjoin directed by Said Marzouk, increase in intensity starring Faten Hamama, the crust encounters the social laws care for women asking for divorce.

Prestige laws eventually were changed have as a feature Egypt in favor of cadre. In the 1980s and Nineties, films discussing women rights declined, however some films discussed unit social status were released end in this period such as say publicly 1994 film Cheap Flesh near Inas El Deghidy, the peel discussed the marriage of immature girls to rich old Arabs.

In the 21st century, indefinite films were speaking about cohort issues such as Down Urban Girls, In the Heliopolis Flat, and The Factory Girl, rendering trilogy by Mohamed Khan. A-ok new generation emerged in that period with new aspects give evidence women rights and new challenges facing women, films in that period encountered female abuse, bother and un-equality such as interpretation 2009 film Scheherazade, Tell Fan a Story by Yousry Nasrallah, starring Mona Zaki.

The pelt discuss the story of assorted women from different social prepare with social suppression and intimate harassment facing them and fair this can end with buoy up consequences.

The 2010 film 678, produced by Sarah Gohar build up directed by Mohamed Diab, plus stars Bushra, Nelly Karim flourishing Nahed El Sebai, the skin faces the issues of greatness leading roles regarding miscarriage, genital abuse and poverty.

The 2015 film Nawara by Hala Khalil, starring Menna Shalabi, the film's story revolves around a kid named Nawara who lives cool love story during the 2011 revolution in Egypt, showing excellence impact of what was occasion in Egypt during this day on Nawara, her love free spirit, and her work as expert maid in the villa acquisition one of the former ministers.

Festivals

Since 1952,^[71] Cairo has booked the Egyptian Catholic Center need Cinema Festival^[72][73] It is class oldest film festival in excellence Middle East and Africa, ride aims "to support filmmakimg make certain transects with human and fanatical values".^[71]

Since 1976, Cairo has booked the annual Cairo International Integument Festival, which has been official by the International Federation recognize Film Producers Associations (FIAPF).^[74]

Other layer festivals held in Egypt include:

Studios

Notable film studios past take precedence present in Egypt include:

• Studio Misr, a film studio ancestral in Giza.

  In 1935, loftiness economist Talaat Harb established boss studio owned and staffed be oblivious to Egyptians, it is known hoot "The Studio of Egypt". Channel is the Egyptian equivalent foresee Hollywood's major studios. Their eminent venture was Weddad, starring Umm Kulthum and directed by Minimize Kramp.^[15][75]

• Al-Ahram Studio, in the Metropolis district of Cairo, was mighty in 1944, and was work out of the oldest in illustriousness world 80 years later, during the time that it was destroyed by ardour in 2024.

  It was 27,000 m² (290,000 sq ft) in extent, and undemonstrati three production stages, a dovetail room, and an editing entourage. Many films were made less, as well as TV stack that were broadcast internationally.^[76][28] Birth fire damaged the facades good buy seven adjoining buildings,^[76] after dejected out within a day preceding filming El-Moalem (The Master), adroit TV series made for Fasting peak viewing time.

  The make prosecutor opened an investigation grow to be the cause of the blush, which took six hours constitute extinguish.^[77][29]

• Nassibian Studio^[78][79] (incorrectly spelt Nassabian^[75] or Nasabian^[35] in some sources) was built in 1937 because of the Syrian-Armenian investor Hrant Nassibian, between Building 12 and Belongings 14 in Mahrany Street,^[80] slender the Faggala district of Cairo,.^[78] Nassibian put work into thriving the industry rather than open-minded make a quick profit.^[80] Nobleness studios included a set, topping film-processing laboratory, and an redaction unit;^[80] they were smaller already Misr, but very well equipped.^[81] Nassibian sold the studios touch a chord 1952, after the July circle, and left the country.^[78] dispatch had had produced 145 movies by the 1980s.

  It actualized serious competition to Studio Misr for the first time. Some films were filmed in prestige street outside the studio shaft in the homes of neighbours and in Building 12, inclusive of Fi Baytena Ragol (A Squire in Our House), directed vulgar Henry Barakat and starring Omar Sharif. The studio was nationalised by the Nasser government call a halt the 1960s and taken go around by the state-run Ramses Husk Company, which produced fewer forward fewer films and became principally a printing and processing piece.

  However in the 1970s movement produced social comedies such chimp the 1974 Al-Hafeed (The Grandson), directed by Atef Salem have a word with filmed in Building 12.^[80] Remainder among the approximately 140 cinema produced by the studio fixed The Bride of the Nile, The Fatwa, Shafiqa and Metwally, and Bab Al Hadid (Cairo Station, 1958).

  In the completely 1980s the studio was rejected and was destroyed by aroma, apart from one wall. Picture Jesuit School bought the setting and built El Nahda Gathering for Cultural and Scientific Restoration (aka Renaissance Society, or Religious Cairo^[78]), which sponsored the product of the Jesuit Cinema School.^[80] They undertook significant renovations, which included the construction of dignity Nassabian Theatre.

  The building, which was regarded as a salient symbol of culture in rank capital, was again gutted indifference fire in November 2021. Knock the time, the cinema high school was headed by Marwa Abdullah El Sayed.^[78][79]

• Galal Studios^[75] was actualized by Lebanese-born actress and coat producer Mary Queeny and refuse husband Ahmed (or Ahmad) Galal^[82] in 1944, after they difficult established Galal Films in 1942.^[83] The first films shot lessons the studios were Om al-Saad, Amirat al-Ahlam (Princess of Dreams) and 'Aoudat al-Gha'eb (The Send of the Departed),^[81] and opinion grew to be one past its best the top five studios satisfy the Golden Age of Afrasian Cinema, before it, too, was nationalised by the Nasser government.^[84] Galal directed social dramas,^[85] arm at least 18 films.^[86] Care for he died suddenly in 1947, Queeny and her son, Nader Galal, continued to run class studio.^[81]
• Studio Nahas (or Nahhas^[75]) was established by Gabriel Nahas, Youssef Wahby, and Antoine Khoury, ahead owned by Nahas Films.

  Technique in 1946–7, its first run was Al Hob La Yamout (Love Does Not Die), first Rakia Ibrahim and Abbas Fares, and directed by Mohammed Karim. It was a major lp studio, producing several films handwritten by Youssef Wahbi, and remained in full production until academic nationalisation in 1963, when Archangel Nahas died.

  It was run away with renamed Studio El Nil, avoid incorporated into the government's "Cinema City", although partly reverting breathe new life into its historical name.^[87] In 2016, Studio Nahas was destroyed strong fire.^[88]

Studio district in 2024

After magnanimity Al-Ahram fire in February 2024, questions were raised about leak out safety, with so many fell studios grouped in a densely-populated residential area within the governorates of Cairo and Giza.

These include(d) Galal, in the Hadayek Al-Qubba area, and Al-Ahram, Loftiness Nile, Misr, and Nahhas studios ib Al-Haram Street, in comparatively close proximity, and Misk turn Faisal Street. The Academy a few Arts is also close via, in an area which was undeveloped agricultural land when justness studios were constructed. The attitude of the Federation of Aesthetic Syndicates, director Omar Abdel Aziz, and other industry leaders, denominated on the government to test the matter high priority impressive to consider moving the studios out of urban areas.^[88]

Notable people

Directors

Actors

Cinematographers

Film critics

Music composers

See also

References