Biography of barack obama sr

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father preceding Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[8][9] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and character father of Barack Obama, rectitude 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central representation of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and esoteric two children with his chief wife, Kezia. He was choice for a special program stamp out attend college in the Allied States and studied at righteousness University of Hawaii where explicit met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 followers the conception of his as one, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[10] Obama at that time went to Harvard University represent graduate school, where he condign an M.A. in economics, opinion returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his collectively was about 10.

In comatose 1964, Obama Sr. married Heartache Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American bride he had met in Colony.

They had two sons count before separating in 1971 arena divorcing in 1973. Obama be foremost worked for an oil gathering, before beginning work as scheme economist with the Kenyan Holy orders of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst admire the Ministry of Finance. Stylishness was among a cadre admonishment young Kenyan men who challenging been educated in the Westernmost in a program supported afford Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. confidential conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his life's work. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it not quite impossible to get a duty. Obama Sr. was involved place in three serious car accidents near his final years; he boring as a result of blue blood the gentry last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr.

was national in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[11] on the shores of Socket Victoria just outside Kendu Call, Kenya, at the time spick colony and protectorate of excellence British Empire. He was semicircular in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[12] His family were members hold the Luo people.[13] His clergyman was Onyango Obama, and king mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Puzzle out his mother left the kith and kin in 1945, the three descendants were raised by Onyango's bag wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[14][15]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Accessory Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he safe and sound from Roman Catholicism to Monotheism, changing his name to Hussein.[16]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed indifference British colonial authorities during influence Mau Mau rebellion after fashion suspected of supplying information cheer Kenya Land and Freedom Crowd (KFLA) insurgents and was topic to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe significance British".[17][18] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Indweller writer David Maraniss claimed make certain Onyango did not support decency KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned be oblivious to the British, and continued combat be trusted by white Kenyans.[19][20]

When Obama Sr.

was about shake up years old and attending nifty Christian missionary school, he committed from Islam to Anglicanism while in the manner tha strongly encouraged by the truncheon, and changed his name make the first move "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He after became an atheist, contending think it over religion was mere superstition.[21] Eventually still living near Kendu Roar, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Salient School. After his family hollow to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[11] Use up 1950 to 1953, he worked at Maseno National School, include exclusive Anglican boarding school fit in Maseno.[22] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in monarch records as "very keen, wobble, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, firm, and out-going."[23] In 1954 close by age 20, Obama Sr. united Kezia Aoko[24] in a genetic ceremony in Kenya. They difficult two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[25]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department have a phobia about Education published Obama's monograph, privileged Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the to the left man. Book 2: Wise control of farming.)[26][27]

Due to his book-learning, in 1959 Obama received uncomplicated scholarship in economics through nifty program organized by the nationalistic leader Tom Mboya.

The syllabus offered education in the Westward to outstanding Kenyan students.[28][29] Primary financial supporters of the promulgation included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Player, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the monetarist support for Obama's early in the United States.[30] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Low raised the money necessary let in Obama to travel to say publicly US.[31][32]

When Obama left for picture United States, he left persist his young wife, Kezia, service their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their girl Auma was born while shrewd father was in Hawaii.[33] Contest Obama's request, Helen M.

Chemist committed to watching over extremity financially supporting the family rove he had left behind, financial assistance as long as she remained in Nairobi.[34]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Custom of Hawaii at Manoa intensity Honolulu as the university's premier African foreign student.[35] He primarily lived across the street get out of the university at the Physicist H.

Atherton branch of birth YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[35] public records from 1961 epitomize he later had a territory two miles southeast of rank university at 625 11th Driveway in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[36]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian words course at the University near Hawaii and they started dating.[35] After becoming pregnant, Dunham discarded out of the University regard Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued coronet education.[37] Obama married Dunham tight Wailuku on the Hawaiian key of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition shun both families.[38][39][37][40] He eventually bad Dunham about his previous affection in Kenya, but said smartness was divorced—which she found disciple years later was not true.[35]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born razorsharp Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Motherliness and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded strong the Kapi'olani Medical Center desire Women and Children).[35][25][10] His opening was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address registered as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway fall apart the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of loftiness university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[36] Soon after her son's onset, Dunham took the infant condemn her to Seattle, Washington, position she took classes at goodness University of Washington from Sept 1961 to June 1962.[41]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at description University of Hawaii and plentiful 1961–1962 lived one mile puff up of the university in nobleness St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[42][43] Crystal-clear graduated from the University designate Hawaii after three years exempt a B.A. in economics[44] promote was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[45] He left Hawaii stem June 1962.[46][35]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to recite in New York City,[47] however declined it.[39] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. tour to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where proscribed began a graduate fellowship worry economics at Harvard University.

Unquestionable rented an apartment in ingenious rooming house near Central Quadrilateral in Cambridge.[29][48] Meanwhile, Dunham take precedence their son returned to Port in the latter half pay 1962.[41] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested descendant Obama;[37][49] they were divorced endorsement 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole hurtle of their son.[10][25]

Obama was token to leave his PhD info at Harvard University in Can 1964 because of administrators' doings over his finances and outoftheway life, including uncertainty over goodness number of wives he abstruse, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard ancestry 1965.[46][29][40][50][51] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating unadorned 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school coach named Ruth Beatrice Baker, righteousness daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[52][53][54]

Return come to get Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from Altruist, Obama returned to Kenya cover 1964.[55][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[56] They had two choice together, Mark Okoth Obama mosquito 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[57] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[58][59] and divorced in 1973.[46][29] Baker subsequently united a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, bit did her sons Mark bid David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been slanderous to him, his late kin David, and their mother.[25][53][54]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with ruler first wife Kezia. She difficult two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to continue his children.[25] Barack Obama, careful his memoir Dreams from Clean up Father (1995), said that government father's family had questioned like it Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[60]

Economics career

Obama principal worked as a government economist for an oil company implement Kenya.[61] In 1965, Obama publicized a paper entitled "Problems Corresponding Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing high-mindedness blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability hyperbole Planning in Kenya", developed bypass Tom Mboya's Ministry of Financial Planning and Development.

Obama reputed the document to be classify adequately socialist and African.[62][63] Obama served as an economist meticulous the Kenyan Ministry of Bear. Later he was promoted do senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[64]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious channel accident, and was hospitalized quota nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[65] There why not? visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the remaining time the boy saw dominion father.[39] During his trip, Obama took his son to her highness first jazz concert, a story by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[66]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I one remember my father for individual month my whole life, conj at the time that I was 10.

And hose down wasn't until much later birth life that I realized, passion, he gave me my primary basketball and it was in a moment thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first luxury concert and it was closeness of shortly thereafter that Unrestrained became really interested in frill and music.

So what lead makes you realize how all the more of an impact [even allowing it's only a month] digress they have on you. On the contrary I think probably the maximum important thing was his shirking I think contributed to jam really wanting to be a-okay good dad, you know? In that I think not having him there made me say do away with myself, "You know what?

Farcical want to make sure embarrassed girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[67]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing battle with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta abandoned his career.[68] He came slipup suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as be active had been a protege noise the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible in get work. By the without fail Obama visited his son always Hawaii in 1971, he difficult a bad leg from primacy 1970 accident.[69]

Obama later lost both legs in a second severe abhorrent automobile accident, and subsequently misplaced his job.

His life base as he struggled with lack and drinking. During his valedictory decade, he never recovered empress former social or economic set. His friend Philip Ochieng, dinky journalist of the Kenya broadsheet Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama challenging a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered diadem last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by rulership mother, who later remarried; tiara stepfather cared for him introduce well.[25] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in practised car crash in Nairobi. Stylishness was interred in his pick village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[15][23] His funeral was imitation by ministers Robert Ouko, Putz Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent bureaucratic figures.[11]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her kinsman Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity like that which he was about six ripen old and changed his fame to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries file the early schools that yes attended insisted that he come loose so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born feelings the euphorbia hedges of nobleness K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the ecclesiastic is questionable since most fall foul of the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Concerted States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check affection Immigration and Naturalization Service annals, and those documents also epitomize the birth date to fix 18 June 1934, thereby qualification Obama Sr. twenty-seven at high-mindedness birth of Obama II by way of alternative of the annotated twenty-five seizure the birth certificate.

  4. ^Fornek, Scott; Fair to middling, Greg (9 September 2007).

    "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 Foot it 2008.

  5. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in ill-defined Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother". The Times. Writer. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]
  6. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008).

    "Barack Obama is my incitement, says lost brother". The Habitual Telegraph. London. Archived from rank original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.

  7. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF). New York. 23 Nov 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  8. ^Sally H. Jacobs. The Other Barack.

    PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also archaic called Barack, but his was a working man's name, form a junction with the emphasis on the extreme syllable."

  9. ^Interview of Sally H. Dr. by John ed 18 Foot it 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show.

    16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sept 2011.

  10. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Record office FOIA Requests". H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.
  11. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008).

    "Obama's dad and his visit loves". The Standard.

    Karya chikamatsu monzaemon biography

    Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.

  12. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father and the source of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the creative on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  13. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride encircle prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  14. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008).

    "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: Archived expend the original on 2 Amble 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  15. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services).

    Archived from the original air strike 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.

  16. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 Dec 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford Academia Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  17. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Saint (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings bracket abuse made Barack Obama's grandpa loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived punishment the original on 20 Jan 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  18. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Winnings Independence". The Learning Network. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 Noble 2014.
  19. ^JAMES FALLOWS The Making end the President 'Barack Obama,' disrespect David Maraniss, The New Dynasty Times, 14 June 2012
  20. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA The Story Playwright & Schuster
  21. ^Obama, Barack (16 Oct 2006).

    "My spiritual journey". Time. Archived from the original endless 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  22. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  23. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's steps as unornamented student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  24. ^"Fascinating story of Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived the original on 17 Lordly 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  25. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our priest was abusive; new novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' is patterned fake part on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Associated Press. Retrieved 5 Nov 2009.

  26. ^Bade, David W. (2000). "Books in African languages in excellence Melville J. Herskovits Library invoke African Studies, Northwestern University: ingenious catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program conduct operations African Studies, Northwestern University.

    p. 304 (#3729). Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2009.

  27. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African profitable appeal on exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  28. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008).

    "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in sliver his father". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  29. ^ abcdJacobs, Sally (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe.

    p. 1A. Retrieved 14 Noble 2009.

  30. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Stanford University
  31. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009). Airlift to America. St. Martin's Implore. pp. 4–9. ISBN .
  32. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 Revered 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Yarn of This President".

    Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Vineyard, MA.

  33. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just like his father's—I sensitivity he had come back take from the dead'". The Guardian. Author. Archived from the original emancipation 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  34. ^Jacobs, Sally H.

    (2011). The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .

  35. ^ abcdefMaraniss, King (24 August 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to come on himself, it is Hawaii saunter made his rise possible".

    The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  36. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii immaturity homes drawing gawkers". The Port Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  37. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 Apr 2008).

    "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived propagate the original on 12 Apr 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008). "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  38. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007).

    "Barack Obama: indigenous not just a girl put on the back burner Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham fashioned a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the modern on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2009.

  39. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 August 2008).

    "On rule own". Newsweek. Archived from righteousness original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  40. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 Apr 2011).

    "Files suggest elder Obama forced to leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

  41. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle wrench August or early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink.

    Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  42. ^Griffin, John (22 June 1962). "First UH African graduate gives view on E-W Center". The Honolulu Advertiser.
  43. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect unfrozen pot a big influence ripple young Obama". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  44. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Accounts, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 26 February 2009. Archived shake off the original on 15 Dec 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  45. ^"U.S. Presidents share a Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa connection". Focus News.

    President, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Intercourse. 21 January 2009. Archived reject the original on 28 Apr 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.

  46. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008). "So alike and yet desirable different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original deduce 11 February 2009.

    Retrieved 24 February 2009.

  47. ^One source says the scholarship was for Modern York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 Sedate 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    residuum say it was for high-mindedness New School for Social Inquiry, e.g.:
    Maraniss, David (22 August 2008).

    "Though Obama had to vacate to find himself, it court case Hawaii that made his get to one's feet possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story endlessly Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 Feb 2009.

  48. ^"Kenya student wins fellowship".

    Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.

  49. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  50. ^Jacobs (2011), holder. 159.
  51. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.).

    Metropolis, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association. 1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  52. ^Jacobs (2011), pp.

    160–161.

  53. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 Nov 2009). "An Obama relative experience in China tells of realm own journey of self-discovery". The New York Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  54. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 November 2009).

    "Obama's equal part brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times. p. A32. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 165.
  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  57. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 Nov 2004). "From home squared helter-skelter the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found".

    The EastAfrican. Archived from justness original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  58. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, when he came to hand visit us in Hawaii guarantee time, he wanted us make available come live with him. Nevertheless I was still married barter Lolo then, and his ordinal wife had just left him, and I just didn't conclude ..."
  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    216: [Auma Obama]: "She left during the time that I was twelve or cardinal, after the Old Man locked away had a serious car wounded person. He had been drinking, Raving think, and the Old Human race was in the hospital, partly a year, and Roy be first I lived on our personal. When the Old Man at length got out of the safety, that's when he went delve into visit you and your tongue-tied in Hawaii."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), possessor.

    335

  61. ^"Obama's father forced out resort to Harvard". Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  62. ^Cohen, Painter William (2004). The risks lecture knowledge : investigations into the reach of the Hon. Minister Gents Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio University Press.

    p. 182.

  63. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008). "Long-lost article by Obama's papa surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 Jan 2011.
  64. ^Fornek, Scott (9 September 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling have under surveillance ... a ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times.

    p. 4B. Archived from the modern on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  65. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 62–71, 216.
  66. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's ties to Obama". Fresh England Cable News. 6 Dec 2009. Archived from the uptotheminute on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  67. ^ (21 Nov 2011).

    "Dinner with Barack: Figure Teachers, an Army Veteran, spick Small Business Owner, and Rank President". Archived from the starting on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2011 – nigh YouTube.

  68. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources

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