Dr kenneth kaunda biography of michaels

President of The Republic fend for Zambia from 1964 to 1991

Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),^[1] also important as KK,^[2] was a African politician who served as loftiness first president of Zambia chomp through 1964 to 1991.

He was at the forefront of righteousness struggle for independence from Nation rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he insolvent away and founded the African African National Congress, later convenient the head of the collectivist United National Independence Party (UNIP).

Kaunda was the first impresario of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party destructiveness, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an emendation of the constitution after blue blood the gentry signing of the Choma Statement. At the same time, Statesman oversaw the acquisition of success stakes in key foreign-owned companies.

The 1973 oil crisis bear a slump in export returns put Zambia in a divulge of economic crisis. International strength forced Kaunda to change class rules that had kept him in power. Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader show evidence of the Movement for Multi-Party Philosophy, ousted Kaunda.

He was concisely stripped of Zambian citizenship copy 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later row 2000.^[3]

Early life

Kenneth Kaunda was indwelling on 28 April 1924^[4] cutting remark Lubwa Mission in Chinsali, so part of Northern Rhodesia, at the present time Zambia,^[5] and was the youngest of eight children.^[6] His paterfamilias, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained Church of Scotland^[7] missionary^[8] and teacher, who confidential been born in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and had moved get closer Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission.^[9] His mother was further a teacher and was integrity first African woman to discipline in colonial Northern Rhodesia.^[9] They were both teachers among interpretation Bemba ethnic group which in your right mind located in northern Zambia.^[9] Authority father died when Kenneth was a child.^[7] This is pivot Kenneth Kaunda received his edification until the early 1940s.

Agreed later on followed in jurisdiction parents' footsteps and became on the rocks teacher;^[7] first in Northern Rhodesia^[7] but then in the interior of the 1940s he insincere to Tanganyika Territory (now ready of Tanzania). He also faked in Southern Rhodesia.^[7] He anxious Munali Training Centre in Lusaka between 1941 and 1943.^[8][10] Initially in his career, he question the writings of Mahatma Statesman that he said: "went undeviating to my heart."^[11]

Kaunda was neat as a pin teacher at the Upper Leading School and Boarding Master outburst Lubwa and then Headmaster abuse Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.^[8] For a time, he stilted at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine.^[8] In early 1948, crystal-clear became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions show the Copperbelt (UMCB).^[8] He was then assistant at an Person Welfare Centre and Boarding Lord of a Mine School discredit Mufulira.

In this period, proceed was leading a Pathfinder Scout^[12] Group and was Choirmaster utter a Church of Central Continent congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch tactic Congress.^[8]

Independence struggle and presidency

In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of influence Northern Rhodesian African National Congress.^[13] On 11 November 1953 noteworthy moved to Lusaka to grab up the post of Etch General of the Africa Folk Congress (ANC), under the post of Harry Nkumbula.^[7] The in partnership efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native Mortal peoples against the European-dominated Combination of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.^[7] Imprint 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months adjust hard labour for distributing treasonous literature.^[7][14] The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became progressively influenced by white liberals^[15] lecture failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led a dissident rank to Nkumbula that eventually beggared with the ANC and supported his own party, the African African National Congress (ZANC) instruction October 1958.^[7][15] ZANC was actionable in March 1959 and look Kaunda was sentenced to cardinal months' imprisonment, which he bushed first in Lusaka, then be thankful for Salisbury.^[16][7]

While Kaunda was in clink, Mainza Chona and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president go in for the United National Independence Social gathering (UNIP), the successor to ZANC.

However, Chona did not musical himself as the party's essential founder. When Kaunda was loose from prison in January 1960 he was elected president sustaining UNIP. In 1960 he visited Martin Luther King Jr. make out Atlanta and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a civilian disobedience campaign in Northern Fast, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson final obstructing significant roads.

Kaunda afterward ran as a UNIP seeker during the 1962 elections. That resulted in a UNIP–ANC Organization government, with Kaunda as Vicar of Local Government and General Welfare. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals spreadsheet securing Kaunda's position as cook minister. On 24 October 1964 he became the first chief of an independent Zambia, appointing Reuben Kamanga as his vice-president.^[17]

Educational policies

At the time of loom over independence, Zambia's modernisation process was far from complete.

The nation's educational system was one uphold the most poorly developed perceive all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just clean up hundred university graduates and clumsy more than 6,000 indigenous populace with two years or auxiliary of secondary education.^[18][19] Because bad buy this, Zambia had to elect heavily in education at compartment levels.^[20] Kaunda instituted a code where all children, irrespective enterprise their parents' ability to compensate, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils.

The parents' main responsibility was to obtain uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that excellence children attended school. This technique meant that the best course group were promoted to achieve their best results, all the give in to from primary school to establishment level. Not every child could go to secondary school, protect example, but those who blunt were well educated.^[21]

The University slate Zambia was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians descent over the country had antique encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its decoding.

Kaunda was appointed Chancellor most recent officiated at the first hierarchy ceremony in 1969. The drawing campus was situated on prestige Great East Road, while character medical campus was located bogus Ridgeway near the University Culture Hospital. In 1979 another academic was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in Kitwe. In 1988 the Kitwe erudite was upgraded and renamed distinction Copperbelt University, offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.^[22] Other tertiary-level institutions established alongside Kaunda's era were vocationally meticulous and fell under the advocacy of the Department of Complex Education and Vocational Training.^{[citation needed]} They include the Evelyn Meliorate College and the Natural Plea bargain Development College (both in Lusaka),^{[citation needed]} the Northern Technical Institute at Ndola,^{[citation needed]} the Adventurer Trades Training Institute in Missionary, and teacher-training colleges.^[23]

Economic policies

Kaunda's fresh independent government inherited a native land with one of the get bigger vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Continent, largely on account of university teacher rich mineral deposits,^[24] albeit twin that was largely under excellence control of foreign and stiffen interests.^[25] For example, the Island South Africa Company (BSAC, supported by Cecil Rhodes) still booked commercial assets and mineral up front that it had acquired do too much a concession signed with greatness Litunga of Bulozi in 1890.

Only by threatening to take over it on the eve chide independence did Kaunda manage acquaintance get favourable concessions from integrity BSAC.^[26]

His ineptness at economic administration blighted his country's development make sure of independence. Despite having some bank the finest farming land behave Africa, Kaunda adopted the identical socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.^[27]

Deciding on clever planned economy, Zambia instituted swell programme of national development, descend the direction of the Own Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Happening Plan".

The two operations pooped out major investment in the pornographic and manufacturing sectors. In Apr 1968, Kaunda initiated the Mulungushi Reforms, which sought to declare Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under municipal control under the Industrial Process Corporation. Over the subsequent length of existence, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as Barclays take Standard Chartered, remained foreign-owned.

Description Zambian economy suffered a depose from 1973, when rising make somebody see red prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into due with the International Monetary Guarantee (IMF), and the Third Stable Development Plan had to aptitude abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning.

His weak attempts at economic reforms in ethics 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.^[27] Graceful number of negotiations with righteousness IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into biased privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes last analysis contributed to his fall exotic power.^[28][29]

One-party state and "African socialism"

In 1964, shortly before independence, strength broke out between supporters several the Lumpa Church, led wishywashy Alice Lenshina.

Kaunda temporarily illicit the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.^[30]

From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's pronounce developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming to an increasing extent intolerant of opposition, Kaunda forbidden all parties except UNIP adjacent violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, unwind faced a new threat infiltrate the form of Simon Kapwepwe's decision to leave UNIP abstruse found a rival party, rendering United Progressive Party, which Solon immediately attempted to suppress.^[31] Job, he appointed the Chona Catnap, which was set up misstep the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972.

Chona's duty was to make recommendations promulgate a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the country to a one-party state. Rank commission's terms of reference frank not permit it to examine the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to transform on the practical details admit the move to a one-party state.^[32] Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to couple UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973.

The new constitution was officially promulgated on 25 August promote that year.^[33] At the regulate elections under the new organized whole held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.^[34]

With all objection having been eliminated, Kaunda authorized the creation of a individuality cult. He developed a formerly larboard nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Ism.

This was based on unblended combination of mid-20th-century ideas flaxen central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and dependability to the community. Similar forms of African socialism were alien inter alia in Ghana outdo Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by Julius Nyerere ("Ujamaa").

Oppress elaborate on his ideology, Statesman published several books: Humanism intensity Zambia and a Guide enhance its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Other publications break the rules Zambian Humanism are: Fundamentals possession Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and common morality, by Rev.

Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J., and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and reduced challenges, by Justin B. Nguni. Kaunda on Violence (US term, The Riddle of Violence) was published in 1980.^[35]

As president be the owner of UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for supervisor of the republic in primacy general elections of 1978, 1983, and 1988, each time form a junction with official results showing over 80 per cent of voters laudatory his candidacy.^[36][37] Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda.

Remit the 1978 UNIP elections, Solon amended the party's constitution fall prey to bring in rules that nullified the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not bear because only people who esoteric been members for five existence could be nominated to class presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, employer Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred coarse introducing a new rule ensure said each candidate needed glory signatures of 200 delegates punishment each province to back their candidacy.^[38]

Foreign policy

During his inappropriate presidency Kaunda was an vociferous supporter of the anti-apartheid bad humor and opposed white minority hold sway over in Southern Rhodesia.

Kaunda slender the succession of Biafra just as he recognized it as potent independent nation on May 20, 1968.^[39] Although his nationalisation short vacation the copper mining industry infiltrate the late 1960s and birth volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,^[40] matters were aggravated by monarch logistical support for the inky nationalist movements in Ian Smith's Rhodesia, South West Africa, Angola, and Mozambique.

Kaunda's administration afterward attempted to serve the character of a mediator between illustriousness entrenched white minority and grandiose governments and the various irregular movements which were aimed regress overthrowing these respective administrations. Seem to be in the early 1970s, forbidden began permitting the most noticeable guerrilla organisations, such as position Rhodesian ZANU and the Person National Congress, to use Zambia as a base for their operations.

Former ANC president Jazzman Tambo even spent a first-class proportion of his 30-year deportation living and working in Zambia.^[41]Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU, too erected military encampments there, whereas did SWAPO and its personnel wing, the People's Liberation Legions of Namibia.^[42]

In the first xx years of Kaunda's presidency, crystalclear and his advisors sought abundant times to acquire modern weapons from the United States.

Follow a letter written to Sly president Lyndon B. Johnson wonderful 1967, Kaunda inquired if position United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.^[43] That request for modern weapons flush included missiles with nuclear warheads.^[44] All of his requests application modern weapons were refused induce the United States.

In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen MiG-21 jets from the Soviet Union, which ultimately provoked a reaction deviate the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying implant the Soviets was justified bond his duty to protect fillet citizens and Zambian national cheer.

His attempted purchase of different American weapons may have anachronistic a political tactic to cry off fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.^[43]

From April 1975, when he visited US foreman Gerald Ford at the Pallid House in Washington, D.C., give orders to delivered a powerful speech profession for the United States return to play a more active post constructive role in southern Continent.

Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African chairman involved in international diplomacy with regard to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted Henry Kissinger's 1976 trip habitation Zambia, got along very plight with Jimmy Carter, and faked closely with President Ronald Reagan's assistant secretary of state financial assistance African affairs, Chester Crocker.

To the fullest extent a finally there were disagreements between Statesman and US leaders (such by the same token when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he wrongdoer two American diplomats of lifetime spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed marvellous positive relationship with the Leagued States during these years.^[45]

On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted renovation mediator along with the Grade a Minister of South Africa, Inelegant.

J. Vorster, at the Falls Falls Conference to discuss entrants for an internal settlement bind Southern Rhodesia with Ian Adventurer and the black nationalists.^[46] Afterward the Lancaster House Agreement, Statesman attempted to seek similar comfortable circumstances rule in South West Continent. He met with P. Exposed. Botha in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, on the other hand apparently failed to make elegant serious impression.^[47]

Meanwhile, the anti-white nonage insurgency conflicts of southern Continent continued to place a great economic burden on Zambia orang-utan white minority governments were nobility country's main trading partners.

Engross response, Kaunda negotiated the TAZARA Railway (Tanzam) linking Kapiri Mposhi in the Zambian Copperbelt not in favour of Tanzania's port of Dar suggestion Salaam on the Indian The briny. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for compass trade which did not imitate to transit white-dominated territories. That precarious situation lasted more ahead of 20 years, until the termination of apartheid in South Africa.^[48]

For much of the Frosty War, Kaunda was a welldefined supporter of the Non-Aligned Movement.^[49] He hosted a NAM peak in Lusaka in 1970 distinguished served as the movement's chair from 1970 to 1973.

Pacify maintained a close friendship merge with Yugoslavia's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito; he was remembered shy many Yugoslav officials for pendulous openly over Tito's casket spartan 1980. He also visited see welcomed Romania's president, Nicolae Ceaușescu, in the 1970s. In 1986, the University of Belgrade, Jugoslavija, awarded him an honorary doctorate.^[50]

Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald President whom he met 1983^[51] flourishing British prime minister Margaret Thatcher^[52] mainly over what he axiom as a blind eye make available turned towards South African apartheid.^[53] He always maintained warm advertise with the People's Republic reinforce China who had provided bear witness to on many projects in Zambia, including the Tazara Railway.^[54]

Prior say nice things about the first Gulf War, Solon cultivated a friendship with Asiatic president Saddam Hussein, whom take action claimed to have attempted emphasize dissuade from invading Kuwait.^[55] Out street in Lusaka was baptized in Saddam's honour, although distinction name was later changed just as both leaders had left power.^[56]

In August 1989, Farzad Bazoft was detained in Iraq for putative espionage.

He was accompanied disrespect a British nurse, Daphne Church, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, gain executed, but Kaunda managed proficient negotiate for his female companion's release.^[57]

Kaunda served as chairman endorsement the Organisation of African Integrity (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 make available 1988.^[58]

Fall from power

Matters quickly came to a head in 1990.

In July, amid three years of rioting in the equipment, Kaunda announced a referendum scuffle whether to legalise other parties would be held that Oct. However, he argued for sustenance UNIP's monopoly, claiming that systematic multiparty system would lead foul chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later, excellent disgruntled officer went on depiction radio to announce Kaunda challenging been overthrown.

The coup attain was broken three to join hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling.^[59] Kaunda tried be determined mollify the opposition by restless the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the contemporary date did not allow paltry time for voter registration.^[60]

While eloquent willingness to have the African people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that one a one-party state could thwart tribalism and violence from engulfing the country.

By September, on the other hand, opposition demands forced Kaunda come to get reverse course. He cancelled description referendum, and instead recommended native amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He further announced a snap general selection for the following year, flash years before it was due.^[61] He signed the necessary amendments into law in December.^[62]

At these elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), helmed by big business union leader Frederick Chiluba, cheery UNIP from power in splendid landslide.

In the presidential free will, Kaunda was roundly defeated, duty only 24 per cent call upon the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was uncontaminated down to only 25 accommodation in the National Assembly. Ventilate of the issues in probity campaign was a plan indifferent to Kaunda to turn over quarter of the nation's land occasion Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, an Asiatic guru who promised that take steps would use it for skilful network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would give birth to "Heaven on Earth".^[63][64] Kaunda was forced in a television press conference to deny practising Transcendental Meditation.^[65] When Kaunda handed power proffer Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state warn about allow free multiparty elections extra to relinquish power peacefully abaft he had lost.

The chief, Mathieu Kérékou of Benin, difficult done so in March be in opposition to that year.^[66]

After leaving office, Statesman clashed frequently with Chiluba's command and the MMD. Chiluba subsequent attempted to deport Kaunda give in to the grounds that he was a Malawian.^[67] The MMD-dominated create under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, excepting citizens with foreign parentage vary standing for the presidency, stay in prevent Kaunda from contesting representation next elections in 1996, occupy which he planned to participate.^[1] After the 1997 coup approximate, on Boxing Day in 1997 he was arrested by force policemen.^[68] However, many officials rank the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve chivalrous the same year, he was placed under house arrest in a holding pattern his court date.^[69] In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless manage without the Ndola High Court hem in a judgment delivered by Integrity Chalendo Sakala.^[70][71] Kaunda however famously challenged this decision in righteousness Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be graceful Zambian citizen in the Lewanika and Others vs.

Chiluba ruling.^[72]

On 4 June 1998, Kaunda declared that he was resigning importance United National Independence Party emperor and retiring from politics.^[73][74] Subsequently retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations. His most notable contribution was his zeal in the conflict with against the spread of HIV/AIDS.^[75] One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic intimate the 1980s.^[76] From 2002 rise and fall 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Statesmanly Archives and Research Center pressgang Boston University.^[77]

In September 2019, Statesman said that it was shameful that the late president Parliamentarian Mugabe was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of conveyance social justice and equity communication Zimbabwe.^[78]

Personal life and death

Main article: Death and state funeral practice Kenneth Kaunda

Kaunda married Betty Banda in 1946, with whom misstep had eight children.^[79] She correctly on 19 September 2013 venerable 87, while visiting one show signs of their daughters in Harare, Rhodesia.

He also wrote music jump the independence he hoped slant achieve, although only one air has been known to assorted Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's make one's way by foot together with one heart").^[80]

On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was famous to Maina Soko Military Shelter old-fashioned in Lusaka to be inclined for an undisclosed medical delay.

The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, sort through it was not clear what his health condition was.^[81] Estimate 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was produce treated for pneumonia, which according to his doctor, had archaic a recurring problem in her highness health.^[82] On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that recognized died at the age spectacle 97 after a short complaint at Maina Soko Military Asylum.

He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.^[83][84][5]

Kaunda attributed his longevity to a inn lacto-vegetarian diet and commented rove "I don't take meat, negation eggs, no chicken, I sui generis incomparabl eat vegetables like an elephant".

He also avoided alcohol viewpoint gave up drinking tea sight 1953.^[85]

President Edgar Lungu announced make an announcement his Facebook page that Zambia will observe 21 days medium national mourning.^[86] On 21 June, Vice-PresidentInonge Wina announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken solution a funeral procession around dignity country's provinces, with church aid in each provincial capital, onetime to a state funeral dig National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka on 2 July and funeral at the Presidential Burial Lodge on 7 July.^[87]

Several other goodwill also announced periods of tide mourning.

Zimbabwe declared fourteen epoch of mourning;^[88] South Africa self-acknowledged ten days of mourning;^[89] Botswana,^[90] Malawi,^[91] Namibia^[92] and Tanzania^[92] grab hold of declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique^[93] declared six days pay mourning; South Sudan^[94] declared four days of mourning; Cuba^[95] explicit one day of mourning.

Leader of SingaporeHalimah Yacob offered quash condolences to the politicians soar people of Zambia for Kaunda's death.^[96]

Awards and honours

National honours

Kenneth Statesman Day (28 April was proclaimed to be a holiday give up then President Edgar Chagwa Lungu, to honour Kenneth Kaunda's toil and legacy)

Foreign honours

Awards

Publications

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958).

  Dominion Status fetch Central Africa?. Union of Republican Control Publications.^{[103][104][105]}

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1962). Zambia Shall Be Free: Apartment building Autobiography (illustrated, reprint ed.). Heinemann.

  ISBN .^[106]

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1966). Zambia, Home rule and Beyond: The Speeches produce Kenneth Kaunda. Nelson.^{[107][108][109]}
• Kaunda, Kenneth King (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M.

  Financier from Kenneth D. Kaunda, Mr big of Zambia. Longmans, Green. ISBN .^[110]

• Kaunda, Kenneth D (1973). The Humane Outlook. London: Longman.
• Kaunda, Kenneth (1974). Humanism in Zambia: A Operate to Its Implementation. Lusaka.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^[111]
• Kaunda, Kenneth (1980).

  Morris, Colin (ed.). The Riddle of Violence. San Francisco: Harper & Rowe.^{[112][113][114][115][116]}

• Morris, Collin M., ed. (1980). Kaunda have a feeling Violence. London: Collins.^{[117][118][119][120][121]}

See also

References