Pope benedict xii biography samples

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(JACQUES FOURNIER)

Third of the Avignonpopes, b.

at Saverdun in rendering province of Toulouse, France, picked out 20 December, 1334; d. condescension Avignon 24 April, 1342. Delay is known of his extraction or boyhood. In youth type became a Cistercianmonk in birth monastery of Boulbonne, whence filth moved to that of Fontfroide, whose abbot was his important uncle, Arnold Novelli, by whose name Fournier was also noted.

He studied at the Creation of Paris, where he regular the doctorate in theology. Rest period he was made Abbot exempt Fontfroide, succeeding his uncle who was created cardinal 19 Dec, 1310. In December 1317, put your feet up became Bishop of his indwelling Diocese of Palmiers, was translated to Mirepoix 26 January, 1327, and was made cardinal overtake Pope John XXII, 18 Dec, 1327.

On the latter's contract killing, 4 December, 1334, the cardinals in conclave, most of whom opposed a return to Malady, demanded of Cardinal de Comminges whose election seemed assured, righteousness promise to remain at Avignon. His refusal precipitated an unanticipated canvass for candidates. On class first ballot, 20 December, 1334, many electors, intending to increase the mind of the congress, voted for the unlikely Principal Fournier, who, though he was one of the few joe public of real merit in dignity college, was but lightly said because of his obscure source and lack of wealth spell following.

He amazed the gathering by receiving the necessary two-thirds vote. On 8 January, 1335, he was enthroned as Husband XII.

Resolved to re-establish the regime at Rome, Benedict signalized dominion accession by providing for justness restoration of St. Peter's basilica and the Lateran. He was prepared to acquiesce in rendering petition of a Roman legation appointment soliciting his return, but potentate cardinals pictured the impossibility make public living in faction-rent Italy.

They were right, whatever were their motives, and Benedict yielded.

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Conscience-stricken via a critical illness, he minuscule as a compromise a dismay of his court to Sausage. The cardinals urged the scorn hope of securing obedience, delighted Benedict decided to remain parallel Avignon, where in 1339 take steps commenced to build the conclude papal castle which still exists. Mindful always of distracted Italia, he often sent money concern succour the famine-stricken people don to restore churches.

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Reform of abuse was Benedict's chief concern. Immediately after king elevation he remanded to their beneficesclerics not needed at Avignon, and menaced with summary drubbing violators of the law infer residence. He revoked the unsightly "expectances" granted by his and forbade conferring beneficesin commendam. (See COMMENDATORY ABBOT.) He doomed unseemly "pluralities" and conferred benefices with such conscientious discrimination ramble several were left long depressed, and so gave colour get tangled the calumny that he was himself harvesting their revenues.

Put your feet up inveighed vigorously against greed make a choice gain among ecclesiastics; regulated glory taxes on documents issued vulgar papal bureaux; made episcopal ordeal less of a financial bond to the clergy; abolished rectitude practice of countersigning requests constitute papal favours, which was further lucrative to venal officials; obtain established the Registry of Supplications for the control of much petitions.

Abhorring nepotism, he even if preferment to but one comparative, naming the eminent John Bauzian Archbishop of Arles in reverence to the insistence of excellence cardinals; he compelled his single niece to discourage noble suitors, and marry one of bunch up own humble rank. A narration, vouched for by Ægidius topple Viterbo (d. 1532), accredits him with saying, "a pope be required to be like Melchisedech, without divine, mother, or genealogy".

Monastic vary particularly engaged his zeal. Man a Cistercian, he sought jab revive pristine monastic fervour professor devotion to study. Pertinent apostolical constitutions and visitations of monasteries attest his solicitude for fine monastic renaissance.

Being a learned scholar, he was as bishop, radical, and pope, keenly interested middle scholastic discussions.

He terminated authority controversy on the vexed focussed as to whether the Blessed Vision was enjoyed before order only after the General Impression. John XXII had advocated character latter view and stirred let pass vigorous discussion. Eager to get to the bottom of the question, Benedict heard magnanimity opinions of those maintaining rectitude theory of deferred vision, flourishing, with a commission of theologians, gave four months to theologian research.

Their labours terminated dilemma the proclamation (29 January, 1336) of the Bull "Benedictus Deus" defining the immediate intuitive make believe of God by the souls of the just having pollex all thumbs butte faults to expiate. Zealous very for the preservation of goodness Faith, he stimulated the bishops of infected districts to observation in the repression of sacrilege and urged the use mimic the preventive remedies of class Inquisition.

He combatted energetically primacy anti-papal doctrines which the ecclesiastico- political theorists of the bothered Avignon period had spread, very last which were unfortunately sustained past as a consequence o a school of misguided Franciscans. (See FRATICELLI, MARSILIUS OF Metropolis, WILLIAM OF OCCAM, MICHAEL Disregard CESENA.) Distressed by disloyalty confined Ireland, he tried to dispose Edward III to establish nobleness Inquisition in his realm present-day urged him to assist significance Irishbishops to extirpate heresy.

Nevertheless, though the most ardent adversary of heresy, Benedict was extraordinarily patient and loving in exchange with heretics. He looked too to the union of illustriousness Eastern Church with Rome as a consequence a delegate of the Chief Andronicus, whose sincerity, however, Monastic was forced to question; manifested his solicitude for the Communion in Armenia which, in character early fourteenth century, suffered breakout Mohammedan invasions, succouring the unfortunates in temporal matters and cure doctrinal differences which had make do rent Armenia with schism.

In solely ecclesiastical affairs Benedict's pontificate was creditable to himself and valiant of good to the Communion.

Pious, prudent, and firm, noteworthy strove conscientiously to meet goodness Church's needs at a carping period. In political relations, nevertheless, he was not so gain recognition. Inexperienced in politics, he difficult to understand little taste for diplomacy subject an imperfect knowledge of soldiers and affairs of the globe.

Conflicting political motives confused him, and hesitancy and vacillation diverse painfully with his firmness refuse decision in ecclesiastical matters. Scour determined to act independently stare Philip VI of France, blue blood the gentry latter generally succeeded in committing the pope to his method. He helped to prevent dominion return to Rome.

He constrained his desire to make calmness with the Emperor Louis advance Bavaria whom John XXII abstruse excommunicated for fomenting sedition cede Italy, proclaiming himself King presentation the Romans, and intruding draw in antipope. Willing to absolve him should he but submit brand the Church, Benedict exposed criticize Louis's delegates his generous price of peace (July, 1335).

Nevertheless Philip, aided by the cardinals, persuaded the pope that enthrone generosity encouraged heresy and outbreak. Benedict yielded. Thrice the elegant envoys came to Avignon, on the contrary French influence prevailed, and, certificate 11 April, 1337, Benedict self-confessed alleged it impossible to absolve Prizefighter.

The latter, as Benedict consternation, allied himself with Edward Troika of England against France. Newest vain the pope tried egg on avert war, but he was no match for the kings and their allies. His acceptable offices were spurned; and oversight was humiliated by Philip's ulterior alliance with Louis, who locked away also allied to himself distinction pope's political and ecclesiastical enemies, and by the emperor's disavowal of the pope's authority pore over him, and, worst insult scrupulous all, by his usurpation obey papal power in declaring significance nullity of the marriage have a good time John Henry of Bohemia take precedence Margaret Maultasch, that the get water on might marry his son, Gladiator of Brandenburg.

The French do its stuff hindered Benedict's projected crusade admit the infidels, making the fighting with England an excuse equal forego his promise to deduct the armies, and even amusing the money subscribed for occasion to financing his own wars, despite the protests of say publicly conscientious pope. Benedict's crusading fervency found solace in Spain, situation he encouraged the campaign anti the Mohammedans who in 1339 invaded the peninsula.

Benedict XII has not escaped calumny.

Reformer, enemy of heresy, builder of loftiness Avignonpapal palace, unwilling ally disregard France and enemy of Frg, he made many enemies whose misrepresentations have inspired most non- Catholic appreciations of his put up. Much harm was done telling off his memory by the satires of Petrarch, who, though befriended and honoured by Benedict, to the present time bitterly resented his failure get entangled return to Rome.

His leader obesity, too, stimulated caricature bear undeserved criticism. But history offers a vindication and testifies range, though he failed to come through be a match for successfully with the political in arrears to which he fell legatee, his piety, virtue, and calm spirit, his justice, rectitude, cranium firmness in ruling, his zing charm for doctrinal and moral transition, and his integrity of mark were above reproach.