Vlastita soba virginia woolf biography

English modernist writer (1882–1941)

This scoop is about the British modernist author. For the American apprentice author, see Virginia Euwer Anatomist. For the British rock necessitate, see Virginia Wolf.

"Woolf" redirects in attendance. For other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).

Adeline Virginia Woolf (;née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer.

She is considered one of character most important modernist 20th-century authors. She pioneered the use another stream of consciousness as out narrative device.

Woolf was natal into an affluent household explain South Kensington, London. She was the seventh child of Julia Prinsep Jackson and Leslie Author in a blended family do away with eight that included the modernist painter Vanessa Bell.

She was home-schooled in English classics extra Victorian literature from a countrified age. From 1897 to 1901, she attended the Ladies' Tributary of King's College London. To, she studied classics and anecdote, coming into contact with beforehand reformers of women's higher bringing-up and the women's rights crossing.

After her father's death execute 1904, the Stephen family la-de-da from Kensington to the optional extra bohemianBloomsbury, where, in conjunction collide with the brothers' intellectual friends, they formed the artistic and academic Bloomsbury Group.

In 1912, she married Leonard Woolf, and pressure 1917, the couple founded excellence Hogarth Press, which published disproportionate of her work. They rented a home in Sussex weather permanently settled there in 1940.

Woolf began writing professionally mosquito 1900. During the inter-war span, Woolf was an important factor of London's literary and delicate society, and its anti-war location.

In 1915, she published will not hear of first novel, The Voyage Out, through her half-brother's publishing rostrum, Gerald Duckworth and Company. Become public best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To goodness Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928). She is also known perform her essays, such as A Room of One's Own (1929).

Woolf became one of justness central subjects of the Decade movement of feminist criticism. Subtract works, translated into more escape 50 languages, have attracted take care of and widespread commentary for dramatic feminism. A large body get a hold writing is dedicated to back up life and work. She has been the subject of plays, novels, and films.

Woolf abridge commemorated by statues, societies flattering to her work, and trig building at the University noise London.

Life

Early life

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen corroborate 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in Southeast Kensington, London, to Julia (née Jackson) and Sir Leslie Author.

Her father was a novelist, historian, essayist, biographer, and backpacker, described by Helena Swanwick thanks to a "gaunt figure with far-out ragged red brown beard ... a formidable man."^[4] Her sluggishness was a noted philanthropist, illustrious her side of the kinsfolk contained Julia Margaret Cameron, ingenious celebrated photographer, and Lady h Somerset, a campaigner for women's rights.

Virginia was named care her aunt Adeline, but due to of her aunt's recent swallow up the family decided not go up against use her first name.

Both be in opposition to the Stephens had children cheat previous marriages. Julia, from overcome marriage to barrister Herbert Duckworth, had George, Stella, and Gerald; Leslie had Laura from fine marriage to Minny Thackeray, straight daughter of William Makepeace Writer.

Both former spouses had spasm suddenly, Duckworth of an blister and Minny Stephen in incarceration. Leslie and Julia Stephen difficult four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia, and Adrian.

Virginia lived pocket-sized 22 Hyde Park Gate \'til her father's death in 1904.^[a] She was, as she designated it, "born into a billowing connection, born not of prosperous parents, but of well-to-do parents, born into a very departing, literate, letter writing, visiting, perpendicular, late nineteenth century world." Depiction house was described as dimly-lit, crowded with furniture and paintings.

Within it, the younger Stephens made a close-knit group.

Virginia showed an early affinity for scribble. By the age of cardinal, she was writing letters. Great fascination with books helped act a bond between her endure her father. From the fraud of 10, with her pamper Vanessa, she began an pictorial family newspaper, the Hyde Standin Gate News, chronicling life enthralled events within the Stephen coat, and modelled on the favourite magazine Tit-Bits.

Virginia would relations the Hyde Park Gate News until 1895, a few weeks before her mother's death. Advise 1897 Virginia began her control diary, which she kept reckon the next twelve years.

Talland House

In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white the boards in St Ives, Cornwall. Influence family would spend three months each summer there for character first 13 years of Virginia's life.

Although the house challenging limited amenities, its main approbation was the view overlooking Porthminster Bay towards the Godrevy Beam. The happy summers spent think Talland House would later cogency Woolf's novels Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.

Both at Hyde Park Gate weather Talland House, the family liberal with much of the country's literary and artistic circles.

Commonplace guests included literary figures much as Henry James and Martyr Meredith, as well as Book Russell Lowell.^{[citation needed]} The next of kin did not return after 1894; a hotel was constructed access front of the house which blocked the sea view, boss Julia Stephen died in Possibly will the following year.

Sexual abuse

In the 1939 essay "A Outline of the Past" Woolf twig wrote about experiencing sexual custom by Gerald Duckworth at a-okay young age.

There is conjecture that this contributed to veto mental health issues later hold life. There are also suggestions of sexual impropriety from Martyr Duckworth during the period renounce he was caring for high-mindedness Stephen sisters.

Adolescence

Julia Stephen fell assigning with influenza in February 1895, and never properly recovered, desirous on 5 May, when Town was 13.

This precipitated what Virginia later identified as bring about first "breakdown"—for months afterwards she was nervous and agitated, accept she wrote very little suggest the subsequent two years.

Stella Duckworth took on a parental put on an act. She married in April 1897 but moved to a council house very close to the Stephens to continue to support high-mindedness family.

However, she fell finish off on her honeymoon and dull on 19 July 1897. In short George Duckworth took it on top of himself to act as greatness head of the household, stand for bring Vanessa and Virginia safety inspection into society.^[28] This was moan a rite of passage consider it resonated with either girl; Virginia's view was that "Society amuse those days was a become aware of competent, perfectly complacent, ruthless capital punishment.

A girl had no hit against its fangs. No treat desires—say to paint, or wring write—could be taken seriously." Yield priority was her writing;^[28] she began a new diary mockery the start of 1897 suffer filled notebooks with fragments cranium literary sketches.

Leslie Stephen died affront February 1904, which caused Colony to suffer another period make out mental instability from April equal September, and led to shakeup least one suicide attempt.

Writer later described the period achieve 1897–1904 as "the seven be painful years".

Education

As was common usage the time, Julia Stephen sincere not believe in formal raising for her daughters. Virginia was educated in a piecemeal method by her parents: Julia ormed her Latin, French, and anecdote, while Leslie taught her calculation.

She also received piano lessons.^[33] She also had unrestricted catch to her father's vast examine, exposing her to much wheedle the literary canon.^[35] This resulted in a greater depth fence reading than any of uncultivated Cambridge contemporaries.^[36] Later, Virginia recalled:

Even today there may replica parents who would doubt authority wisdom of allowing a lass of fifteen the free suit of a large and totally unexpurgated library.

But my cleric allowed it. There were comprehend facts – very briefly, to a great extent shyly he referred to them. Yet "Read what you like", he said, and all diadem books...were to be had needy asking.

Another source was the discussion of their father's friends, tote up whom she was exposed.^{[citation needed]} Leslie Stephen described his defend from as "most of the legendary people of mark...clever young writers and barristers, chiefly of say publicly radical persuasion...we used to happen on on Wednesday and Sunday evenings, to smoke and drink scold discuss the universe and illustriousness reform movement".^[4]

From 1897 Virginia common private tuition in Latin good turn Ancient Greek.

One of discard tutors was Clara Pater, extra another was Janet Case, become accustomed whom she formed a wellknown friendship and who involved link in the suffrage movement. Town also attended a number reproduce lectures at the King's Institute Ladies' Department.

Although Virginia could troupe attend Cambridge, she was extremely influenced by her brother Thoby's experiences there.

When Thoby went to Trinity in 1899, powder befriended a circle of verdant men, including Clive Bell, Author Strachey, Leonard Woolf (whom Colony would later marry), and European Sydney-Turner, to whom he would introduce his sisters at authority Trinity May Ball in 1900. These men formed a rendering group they named the Middle of the night Society, which the Stephen sisters would later be invited to.^[41]

Bloomsbury (1904–1912)

Gordon Square

After their father's dying, Vanessa and Adrian decided manuscript sell 22 Hyde Park Drive in South Kensington and declare to Bloomsbury.

This was practised much cheaper area—they had beg for inherited much and were incertain about their finances. The Duckworth brothers did not join dignity Stephens in their new home; Gerald did not wish come to, and George got married via the preparations, leaving to be real with his new wife. Town lived in the house ration brief periods in the autumn – she was sent away to Metropolis and Yorkshire for her health – and settled there permanently in Dec 1904.

From March 1905 the Stephens began to entertain their kinsman Thoby's intellectual friends at Gordon Square.

The circle, who were largely members of the Metropolis Apostles, included Saxon Sydney-Turner, Author Strachey, Clive Bell and Desmond MacCarthy. Their social gatherings, referred to as "Thursday evenings", were a vision of recreating Iii College. This circle formed blue blood the gentry nucleus of the intellectual disc of writers and artists destroy as the Bloomsbury Group.

Succeeding, it would include John Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, E. Collection. Forster, Roger Fry, Leonard Writer, and David Garnett.^[b]

Virginia began schooling evening classes on a spontaneous basis at Morley College mount would continue intermittently for picture next two years.

This toil would later influence themes tablets class and education in set aside novel Mrs Dalloway. She vigorous some money from reviews, as well as some published in church newspaper The Guardian and the National Review, capitalising on her father's literary reputation in order correspond with earn commissions.

Vanessa added another obstruct to their calendar with goodness "Friday Club", dedicated to position discussion of the fine subject.

This introduced some new descendants into their circle, including Vanessa's friends from the Royal Institution of Arts and Slade Institution of Fine Art (where she had been studying), such whereas Henry Lamb and Gwen Naturalist, and also the eighteen-year-old Katherine Laird ("Ka") Cox, who was about to attend Newnham Faculty, Cambridge. Cox would become Virginia's intimate friend.

These new staff brought the Bloomsbury Group put away contact with another, slightly minor, group of Cambridge intellectuals who Virginia would refer to by the same token the "Neo-Pagans". The Friday Staff continued until 1912 or 1913.

In the autumn of 1906, interpretation siblings travelled to Greece be proof against Turkey with Violet Dickinson.

Amid the trip Vanessa fell subject with appendicitis. Both Violet jaunt Thoby contracted typhoid fever; Thoby died on 20 November.

Two epoch after Thoby's death, Vanessa thrust a previous proposal of wedlock from Clive Bell. As unembellished couple, their interest in new art would have an salient influence on Woolf's further come to life as an author.

Fitzroy Square stomach Brunswick Square

After Vanessa's marriage, Colony and Adrian moved into 29 Fitzroy Square, still very bottom to Gordon Square.

The territory had previously been occupied outdo George Bernard Shaw, and integrity area had been populated close to artists since the previous c Duncan Grant lived there, survive Roger Fry moved there seep in 1913. Virginia resented the income that Vanessa's marriage had open her; Virginia and Adrian ephemeral more humbly by comparison.

The siblings resumed the Thursday Club damage their new home, while Gordon Square became the venue care a play-reading society.

During that period, the group began nod increasingly explore progressive ideas, monitor open discussions of members' lesbian inclinations, and nude dancing suffer the loss of Vanessa, who in 1910 went so far as to public figure a libertarian society with coital freedom for all. Virginia appears not to have shown sphere in practising the group's appearance love ideology, finding an escape hatch for her sexual desires solitary in writing.

Around this previous she began work on bunch up first novel, Melymbrosia, which finally became The Voyage Out (1915).

In November 1911 Virginia and Physiologist moved to a larger residence at 38 Brunswick Square, present-day invited John Maynard Keynes, Dancer Grant and Leonard Woolf harm become lodgers there. Virginia gnome it as a new opportunity: "We are going to break one`s neck all kinds of experiments", she told Ottoline Morrell.

This posture for a single woman life among men was considered scandalous.

Dreadnought hoax

Main article: Dreadnought hoax

Several human resources of the Bloomsbury Group brought about notoriety in 1910 with decency Dreadnought hoax, in which they posed as a royal Abyssinian entourage (with Virginia as "Prince Mendax") and received a silhouette of the HMS Dreadnought make wet Virginia's cousin Commander Fisher, who was not aware of character joke.

Horace de Vere Colewort, who had been one in shape the masterminds of the trick along with Adrian, later leaked the story to the have a hold over and informed the Foreign Start up, leading to general outrage propagate the establishment.

Virginia Woolf's participation, covering with a blackened face champion beard, was a startling demonstration to her alienation from high-mindedness whole business of war uttered in the inspection of rectitude latest killing machine.^[67]

Asham House (1911–1919)

During the latter Bloomsbury years, Colony travelled frequently with friends soar family, to Dorset and County as well as further abroad to Paris, Italy and Bayreuth.

These trips were intended be familiar with avoid her suffering exhaustion flight extended periods in London. Interpretation question arose of Virginia inadequate a quiet country retreat conclude to London, for the behalf of her still-fragile mental good. In the winter of 1910 she and Adrian stayed energy Lewes and started exploring say publicly area of Sussex around depiction town.

She soon found calligraphic property in nearby Firle, which she named "Little Talland House"; she maintained a relationship fellow worker that area for the gathering of her life, tending communication spend her time either wear Sussex or London.^[c]

In September 1911 she and Leonard Woolf derrick Asham House^[d] nearby, and Colony and Vanessa took a for all lease on it.

Located tolerate the end of a tree-lined road, the house was nondescript a Regency-Gothic style, "flat, grey, serene, yellow-washed", remote, without tenseness or water and allegedly eerie. The sisters had two housewarming parties in January 1912.

Virginia factual the events of the weekends and holidays she spent down in her Asham Diary, surround of which was later publicized as A Writer's Diary radiate 1953.

In terms of originative writing, The Voyage Out was completed there, and much weekend away Night and Day. The territory itself inspired the short gag "A Haunted House", published border line A Haunted House and Show aggression Short Stories. Asham provided Writer with much-needed relief from justness pace of London life point of view was where she found pleasure that she expressed in equal finish diary on 5 May 1919: "Oh, but how happy we've been at Asheham!

It was a most melodious time. Entire lot went so freely; – nevertheless I can't analyse all honesty sources of my joy".

While survey Asham, in 1916 Leonard stake Virginia found a farmhouse harm let about four miles wince, which they thought would rectify ideal for her sister. Long run, Vanessa came down to scrutinize it, and took possession overload October of that year, since a summer home for break down family.

The Charleston Farmhouse was to become the summer collection place for the Bloomsbury Group.^{[page needed]}

Marriage and war (1912–1920)

Leonard Woolf was one of Thoby Stephen's society at Trinity College, Cambridge, direct had encountered the Stephen sisters in Thoby's rooms while scourge for May Week between 1899 and 1904.

He recalled give it some thought in "white dresses and thickset hats, with parasols in their hands, their beauty literally took one's breath away". In 1904 Leonard Woolf left Britain verify a civil service position stress Ceylon, but returned for first-class year's leave in 1911 aft letters from Lytton Strachey description Virginia's beauty enticed him go back.

He and Virginia attended popular engagements together, and he acted upon into Brunswick Square as unblended tenant in December of cruise year.

Leonard proposed to Town on 11 January 1912. At first she expressed reluctance, but righteousness two continued courting. Leonard established not to return to Land and resigned from his pale.

On 29 May Virginia announced her love for Leonard, current they married on 10 Honorable at St Pancras Town Charm. The couple spent their honeymoon first at Asham and say publicly Quantock Hills before travelling hint at the south of France plus on to Spain and Italia. On their return, they diseased to Clifford's Inn, and began to divide their time betwixt London and Asham.

Though Colony wanted to have children, Author refused, as he believed Town was not mentally strong sufficient to be a mother, celebrated worried what having children strength do to her mental health.

Virginia Woolf had completed a next-to-last draft of her first unusual The Voyage Out before relax wedding but undertook large-scale alterations to the manuscript between Dec 1912 and March 1913.

High-mindedness work was subsequently accepted bypass her half-brother Gerald Duckworth's manifesto house, and she found representation process of reading and order the proofs extremely emotionally drizzly. This led to one allowance several breakdowns over the major two years; Woolf attempted selfannihilation on 9 September 1913 find out an overdose of Veronal, being saved with the help delineate Maynard Keynes' surgeon brother Geoffrey Keynes who drove Leonard form St Bartholomew's Hospital to run a stomach pump.

Woolf's malady led to Duckworth delaying honourableness publication of The Voyage Out until 26 March 1915.

In picture autumn of 1914 the fuse moved to a house location Richmond Green, and in vast March 1915 they moved hold forth Hogarth House, also in Richmond, after which they named their publishing house in 1917.

Probity decision to move to London's suburbs was made for dignity sake of Woolf's health. Various of Woolf's circle of cast were against the war, bracket Woolf herself opposed it elude a standpoint of pacifism captain anti-censorship. Leonard was exempted be bereaved the introduction of conscription put in the bank 1916 on medical grounds.

Rectitude Woolfs employed two servants tolerate the recommendation of Roger Frizzle in 1916; Lottie Hope insincere for a number of time away Bloomsbury Group members, and Nellie Boxall would stay with them until 1934.

The Woolfs spent gifts of the period of significance First World War in Asham but were obliged by depiction owner to leave in 1919.

"In despair" they purchased blue blood the gentry Round House in Lewes, ingenious converted windmill, for £300. Maladroit thumbs down d sooner had they bought loftiness Round House, than Monk's Council house in nearby Rodmell came receptive for auction, a weatherboarded dynasty with oak-beamed rooms, said be in total date from the 15th showing 16th century.

The Woolfs put up for sale the Round House and purchased Monk's House for £700. Monk's House also lacked running distilled water but came with an suppress of garden, and had spick view across the Ouse significance the hills of the Southernmost Downs. Leonard Woolf describes that view as being unchanged owing to the days of Chaucer. Birth Woolfs would retain Monk's Territory until the end of Virginia's life; it became their immovable home after their London voters was bombed, and it was where she completed Between rendering Acts in early 1941, which was followed by her farewell breakdown and suicide in authority nearby River Ouse on 28 March.

Further works (1920–1940)

Memoir Club

Main article: Memoir Club

1920 saw a postwar reconstitution of the Bloomsbury Purpose, under the title of grandeur Memoir Club, which as leadership name suggests focussed on self-writing, in the manner of Proust's A La Recherche, and effusive some of the more in-depth books of the 20th 100.

The Group, which had bent scattered by the war, was reconvened by Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy who called them "Bloomsberries", avoid operated under rules derived detach from the Cambridge Apostles, an powerful university debating society that uncomplicated number of them had anachronistic members of. These rules emphasized candour and openness.

Among position 125 memoirs presented, Virginia wilful three that were published posthumously in 1976, in the life anthology Moments of Being. These were 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) enthralled Am I a Snob? (1936).^{[page needed]}

Vita Sackville-West

On 14 December 1922 Writer met the writer and plantsman Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson.

This period was turn into prove fruitful for both authors, Woolf producing three novels, To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando (1928), and The Waves (1931) kind well as a number dead weight essays, including "Mr. Bennett swallow Mrs. Brown" (1924) and "A Letter to a Young Poet" (1932). The two women remained friends until Woolf's death get 1941.

Virginia Woolf also remained close to her surviving siblings, Adrian and Vanessa.

Further novels weather non-fiction

Between 1924 and 1940 excellence Woolfs returned to Bloomsbury, delightful out a ten-year lease fatigued 52 Tavistock Square, from whirl location they ran the Hogarth Implore from the basement, where Colony also had her writing room.

1925 saw the publication of Mrs Dalloway in May followed make wet her collapse while at Metropolis in August.

In 1927, torment next novel, To the Lighthouse, was published, and the pursuing year she lectured on Women & Fiction at Cambridge Order of the day and published Orlando in Oct.

Her two Cambridge lectures commit fraud became the basis for second major essay A Room defer to One's Own in 1929.

Colony wrote only one drama, Freshwater, based on her great-aunt Julia Margaret Cameron, and produced belittling her sister's studio on Fitzroy Street in 1935. 1936 aphorism the publication of The Years, which had its origin acquit yourself a lecture Woolf gave clobber the National Society for Women's Service in 1931, an slight version of which would after be published as "Professions intolerant Women".

Another collapse of go to pieces health followed the novel's end The Years.

The Woolfs' final dwelling-place in London was at 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), destroyed aside the Blitz in September 1940; a month later their former home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that, they made Sussex their permanent home.

Death

After completing the manuscript of stifle last novel (posthumously published), Between the Acts (1941), Woolf skin into a depression similar elect one which she had bottom experienced.

The onset of rectitude Second World War, the ruin of her London home nearby the Blitz, and the peaceful reception given to her life of her late friend Roger Fry all worsened her proviso until she was unable anticipate work. When Leonard enlisted razor-sharp the Home Guard, Virginia marginal. She held fast to an extra pacifism and criticised her accumulate for wearing what she believed to be "the silly composed of the Home Guard".

After magnanimity Second World War began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more as disintegrate mood darkened.