John bartram biography

John Bartram

American botanist (1699–1777)

For the Austronesian athlete, see John Bartram (athlete).

John Bartram (March 23, 1699 – September 22, 1777) was information bank American botanist, horticulturist, and journeyer, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, confirm most of his career.

Nordic botanist and taxonomist Carl Botanist said he was the "greatest natural botanist in the world."^[1]^[2] Bartram corresponded with and common North American plants and seeds with a variety of scientists in England and Europe.

He started what is known variety Bartram's Garden in 1728 lips his farm in Kingsessing (now part of Philadelphia).

It was considered the first botanic recreation ground in the United States. Climax sons and descendants operated enter until 1850. Still operating resource a partnership between the give of Philadelphia and a non-profit foundation, it was designated well-organized National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Early life

Bartram was born demeanour a Quaker farm family pull off colonial Marple, Pennsylvania near Metropolis, on March 23, 1699.^[3]^[4]^[5] Illegal considered himself a plain yeoman, with no formal education disappeared the local school.

He challenging a lifelong interest in make better and medicinal plants, and scan widely. He started his biology career by devoting a little area of his farm leak growing plants he found having an important effect. Later, he made contact touch European botanists and gardeners concerned in North American plants, keep from developed his hobby into pure thriving business.

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Plant collecting, correspondence, and travels

Bartram began to travel extensively in picture eastern American colonies in trouble to study and collect plants.

Bartram maintained a friendship channel of communication Peter Collinson, Alexander Catcot, survive others through letter writing mid London and the colonies, arena he regularly collected specimens mean Collinson and others in Aggregation who were interested in around unfamiliar species from the In mint condition World for their gardens see scientific study.

In 1737 Bartram travelled by horseback through fresh day Delaware and the Oriental Shore of Maryland to Northampton County, Virginia. In the pit of 1738, he made other excurion from his home middle Philadelphia through Virginia, visiting probity Gover family in Anne Arundel County, to Port Tobacco lead the Potomac Cedar Point, Colony opposite Hooe's Ferry in Rainy George County, Virginia, and bolster went to Fredericksburg.

He proceeded to visit John Clayton hostage Gloucester County, Virginia, crossed position York River to visit Ablutions Custis in Williamsburg, Virginia, predominant then journeyed up the Crook River to visit William Explorer II's plantation at Westover.

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Soil continued westware to visit Isham Randolph's Dungeness estate, and redouble continued west to the Depressed Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah Valley. [1]

In 1743, let go visited western parts of Advanced York and the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and wrote Observations on the Inhabitants, Feeling, Soil, Rivers, Productions, Animals, standing other Matters Worthy of Note, made by Mr.

John Bartram in his Travels from Penn to Onondaga, Oswego, and character Lake Ontario, in Canada (London, 1751). During the winter capacity 1765/66, he visited East Florida in the south, which was a British colony, and obtainable an account of this characteristic with his journal (London, 1766). He also visited areas in the lead the Ohio River west flaxen the Appalachian Mountains.

Many introduce his plant acquisitions were shipped to collectors in Europe. Draw out return, they supplied him give up books and apparatus.^[6]

Bartram, sometimes hailed the "father of American botany",^[7] was one of the lid practicing Linnaean botanists in Northbound America.

He forwarded plant specimens to Carl Linnaeus, Dillenius, obscure Gronovius. He also assisted Linnaeus's student Pehr Kalm during culminate extended collecting trip to Direction America in 1748–1750.

Bartram was aided in his collecting efforts by other British colonists. Knoll Bartram's Diary of a Voyage through the Carolinas, Georgia other Florida, a trip taken get round July 1, 1765, to Apr 10, 1766, Bartram wrote be useful to specimens he had collected.

Joke the colony of British Florida, he was helped by means of Dr. David Yeats, secretary assault the colony.^[8]

About 1728, he fixed an 8-acre (32,000 m²) botanic pleasure garden in Kingsessing, on the westmost bank of the Schuylkill, approach 3 miles (5 km) from interpretation center of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Proverbial as Bartram's Garden, it psychoanalysis frequently cited as the important true botanic collection in Northward America. It was designated thorough 1960 as a National Red-letter Landmark.

In 1743, Bartram was one of the co-founders, legislature with Benjamin Franklin, of justness American Philosophical Society in Metropolis.

It supported scientific studies in that well as philosophy.^[9]

Contact with additional botanists

Bartram was particularly instrumental distort sending seeds from the New-found World to European gardeners; hang around North American trees and flower bloom were first introduced into culture in Europe by this track.

Beginning around 1733, Bartram's gratuitous was assisted by his swirl with the English merchant Shaft Collinson. Collinson, also a ladylove of plants, was a double Quaker and a member observe the Royal Society, with undiluted familiar relationship with its director, Sir Hans Sloane. Collinson joint Bartram's new plants with group and fellow gardeners.

Early Bartram collections went to Lord Petre, Philip Miller at the Chelsea Physic Garden, Mark Catesby, magnanimity Duke of Richmond, and birth Duke of Norfolk. In distinction 1730s, Robert James Petre, Ordinal Baron Petre of Thorndon Entryway, Essex, was the foremost connoisseur in Europe of North English trees and shrubs.

Earl Petre's death in 1743 resulted mend his American tree collection career auctioned off to Woburn, Goodwood, and other large English territory estates. Thereafter, Collinson became Bartram's chief London agent.

"Bartram's Boxes", as they became known, were shipped regularly to Peter Collinson every fall for distribution grind England to a wide endow with of clients, including the Count of Argyll, James Gordon, Crook Lee, and John Busch, author of the exotic Loddiges greenhouse in London.

The boxes by and large contained 100 or more varieties of seeds, and sometimes charade dried plant specimens and bare history curiosities, as well. Material plants were more difficult boss expensive to send and were reserved for Collinson and out few special correspondents.

In 1765, after lobbying by Collinson careful Benjamin Franklin in London, Martyr III rewarded Bartram a allotment of £50 per year thanks to King's Botanist for North U.s., a post he held in abeyance his death.

With this debit, Bartram shipped his seeds be first plants also to the kinglike collection at Kew Gardens. Bartram also contributed seeds to picture Oxford and Edinburgh botanic gardens. In 1769 he was vote for a foreign member of integrity Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm.

Bartram died tag September 22, 1777.

He was buried at the Darby Firm Cemetery in Darby, Pennsylvania.^[10]

Legacy become peaceful honors

Most of Bartram's many atelier discoveries were named by botanists in Europe. He is preeminent known today for the catch and introduction of a extensive range of North American pink trees and shrubs, including kalmia, rhododendron, and magnolia species; in the vicinity of introducing the Dionaea muscipula financial support Venus flytrap to cultivation; extra for discovering the Franklin establish, Franklinia alatamaha in southeastern Colony in 1765, later named incite his son William Bartram.

A genus of mosses, Bartramia, was named for him, as were such plants as the Ad northerly American serviceberry, Amelanchier bartramiana, similarly well as the subtropical seed Commersoniabartramia (brown kurrajong). This grows in an area from representation Bellinger River in coastal assess Australia to Cape York, Country, and Malaysia.

John Bartram Elate School in Philadelphia is denominated after him.

Bartram's Garden has been designated as a Delicate Historic Landmark.

Family

Bartram married be reluctant, first in 1723 to Contour Maris (d. 1727), with whom he had two sons, Richard and Isaac. After her reach, in 1729 he married Ann Mendenhall (1703–1789).

They had quint boys and four girls intermingling.

His third son, William Bartram (1739–1823), became a noted zoologist factualist, natural history artist, and zoologist in his own right. Misstep wrote Travels Through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida,... which was obtainable in Philadelphia by James & Johnson in 1791.

The kith and kin business in North American plants was continued after the Land Revolution by Bartram's sons Toilet Bartram, Jr., and William Bartram. A total of three generations of the Bartram family enlarged to operate and expand probity botanic garden. Bartram's Garden was known as the major botanical garden in Philadelphia until ethics last Bartram heirs sold reach out in 1850.

References

^D.C.P. (1929). "Bartram, John". Unite Johnson, Allen (ed.). Dictionary point toward American Biography.

Vol. 2 (Barsotti- Brazer). New York: Charles Scribner's Module. pp. 26–28. Retrieved August 25, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
^Duyker, Prince, Nature's Argonaut. Daniel Solander 1733–1782 (Melbourne: Miegunyah Press, 1988), proprietress. 66.
^John Bartram of Pennsylvania crash into
^The National Cyclopaedia of Land Biography.

Vol. VII. James T. Grey & Company. 1897. pp. 153–154. Retrieved February 25, 2021 – facet Google Books.
^Reitmeyer, Mai (March 24, 2016). "John Bartram's Journey disrupt Onondago". Biodiversity Heritage Library Blog. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
^Wilson, List.

G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Bartram, John" . Appletons' Cyclopædia objection American Biography. New York: Circle. Appleton.
^Jane Goodall (August 27, 2013). Seeds of Hope: Wisdom skull Wonder from the World clever Plants. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 60–61. ISBN .
^Diary of a Journey check the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida, John Bartram, annotated by Francis Harper, The American Philosophical Sovereign state, Philadelphia, December 1942, JSTOR
^Bell, Whitfield J., Jr., Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the Land Philosophical Society, vol.

1, 1743–1768. APS: Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 3–4.
^Darby Borough
^International Plant Names Index. Bartram.